{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:09:34Z","timestamp":1791846574118,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3243,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T20:52:55Z","timestamp":1396385575000},"page":"926-933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tonya S","family":"Orchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Alghothani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Bout-Tabaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Cauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Z","family":"LaCroix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Wactawski-Wende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca D","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x","article-title":"Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?","volume":"70","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2741\/1223","article-title":"Role of cellular magnesium in health and human disease","volume":"9","author":"Laires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.04.005","article-title":"Dietary magnesium reduction to 25% of nutrient requirement disrupts bone and mineral metabolism in the rat","volume":"37","author":"Rude","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10719764","article-title":"Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Rude","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/118.6.729","article-title":"Adaptation to low dietary calcium in magnesium-deficient rats","volume":"118","author":"Welsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.79","article-title":"Bone loss induced by dietary magnesium reduction to 10% of the nutrient requirement in rats is associated with increased release of substance P and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"134","author":"Rude","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-008708","article-title":"Symptomatic hypocalcaemia secondary to PTH resistance associated with hypomagnesaemia after elective embolisation of uterine fibroid","volume":"2013","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109578","article-title":"Evidence for skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. Studies in isolated perfused bone","volume":"64","author":"Freitag","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.4.727","article-title":"Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater mineral density in elderly men and women","volume":"69","author":"Tucker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.142","article-title":"Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?","volume":"71","author":"New","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.5.877","article-title":"The relationship between diet and bone mineral content of multiple skeletal sites in elderly Japanese-American men and women living in Hawaii","volume":"42","author":"Yano","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8416-8","article-title":"Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women","volume":"133","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib13","first-page":"503","article-title":"A total dietary program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium. Effect on the mineral density of calcaneous bone in postmenopausal women on hormonal therapy","volume":"35","author":"Abraham","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib14","first-page":"155","article-title":"Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Stendig-Lindberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/44.6.863","article-title":"Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone-mineral content of women 35-65 years of age: longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis","volume":"44","author":"Freudenheim","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib16","series-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium. phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride.","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.54.66","article-title":"Effects of high magnesium intake on bone mineral status and lipid metabolism in rats","volume":"54","author":"Takeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib18","first-page":"249","article-title":"Long-term excessive magnesium supplementation is deleterious whereas suboptimal supply is beneficial for bones in rats","volume":"13","author":"Riond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211508","article-title":"Skeletal demineralization and fractures caused by fetal magnesium toxicity","volume":"26","author":"Wedig","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1233-5","article-title":"Neonatal bone abnormalities attributable to maternal administration of magnesium sulphate","volume":"34","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1148-1","article-title":"Bone mineralization in newborns whose mothers received magnesium sulphate for tocolysis of premature labour","volume":"34","author":"Malaeb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90363-N","article-title":"Alterations in vitamin D and calcium metabolism with magnesium sulfate treatment of preeclampsia","volume":"168","author":"Cruikshank","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00046-2","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055218","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin d supplementation and the risk of fractures","volume":"354","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26451","article-title":"Vitamin A and retinol intakes and the risk of fractures among participants of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study","volume":"89","author":"Caire-Juvera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000094210.15096.FD","article-title":"Validity of self-report for fractures among a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(98)00055-6","article-title":"Measurement characteristics of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.540","article-title":"Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative cohorts","volume":"169","author":"Neuhouser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)07997-9","article-title":"Sources of data for developing and maintaining a nutrient database","volume":"88","author":"Schakel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53561.x","article-title":"Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects","volume":"53","author":"Ryder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002352","article-title":"Reported zinc, but not copper, intakes influence whole-body bone density, mineral content and T score responses to zinc and copper supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"106","author":"Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012793","article-title":"Stabilization of amorphous calcium phosphate by Mg and ATP","volume":"23","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1977","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296775","article-title":"The role of magnesium on the structure of biological apatites","volume":"50","author":"Bigi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(65)90126-3","article-title":"Precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates. 3. The effect of magnesium and fluoride ions on the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates","volume":"10","author":"Bachra","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(81)90219-5","article-title":"Bone mineral content of the radius: good correlations with physicochemical determinations in iliac crest trabecular bone of normal and osteoporotic subjects","volume":"30","author":"Manicourt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib38","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy and magnesium content of bone mineral in osteoporotic women","volume":"17","author":"Cohen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(85)90318-7","article-title":"Bone mineral content of transilial biopsies in patients with hip fracture","volume":"6","author":"Hogervorst","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib40","first-page":"106","article-title":"Preliminary report of decreased serum magnesium in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"8","author":"Reginster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(82)90161-5","article-title":"Bone matrix and mineral abnormalities in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"31","author":"Burnell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2011.10719954","article-title":"Dietary pattern and bone density changes in elderly women: a longitudinal study","volume":"30","author":"Pedone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib43","first-page":"168","article-title":"Clinical disorders of magnesium metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Whang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217504263145","article-title":"Deep tendon reflexes, magnesium, and calcium: assessments and implications","volume":"33","author":"Nick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)00067-5","article-title":"Excess magnesium","volume":"29","author":"Mordes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9548-7","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism in health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Musso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116314","article-title":"Risk factors for fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group","volume":"135","author":"Kelsey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.143","article-title":"Physical activity slows femoral bone loss but promotes wrist fractures in postmenopausal women: a 15-year follow-up of the OSTPRE study","volume":"25","author":"Rikkonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0508-8","article-title":"Wrist fracture as a predictor of future fractures in younger versus older postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA)","volume":"19","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00047-4","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study: baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures","volume":"13","author":"Langer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523050293?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523050293?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/99\/4\/926\/23831510\/926.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T06:52:55Z","timestamp":1746168775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523050293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523050293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.113.067488","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}