{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:07:20Z","timestamp":1792091240514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,10]],"date-time":"2016-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/cc-by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/H008322\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H008322\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T20:32:20Z","timestamp":1455222740000},"page":"747-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in obese adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Enhad A","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith D","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey D","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Tsintzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.064410","article-title":"Belief beyond the evidence: using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show 2 practices that distort scientific evidence","volume":"98","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001474","article-title":"Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a cohort of male US health professionals","volume":"128","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.057521","article-title":"Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency","volume":"98","author":"Mekary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.028209","article-title":"Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking","volume":"95","author":"Mekary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0316","article-title":"Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk","volume":"36","author":"Odegaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719307","article-title":"The effect of breakfast type on total daily energy intake and body mass index: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.05.015","article-title":"Experimental manipulation of breakfast in normal and overweight\/obese participants is associated with changes to nutrient and energy intake consumption patterns","volume":"133","author":"Reeves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.009","article-title":"Role of a prudent breakfast in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Adamsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.089573","article-title":"The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20654","article-title":"Big breakfast rich in protein and fat improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetics","volume":"22","author":"Rabinovitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.51","article-title":"Skipping breakfast leads to weight loss but also elevated cholesterol compared with consuming daily breakfasts of oat porridge or frosted cornflakes in overweight individuals: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Geliebter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21049","article-title":"Usual breakfast eating habits affect response to breakfast skipping in overweight women","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001100111X","article-title":"Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels? An experiment into the effect of breakfast consumption on eating habits and energy expenditure","volume":"15","author":"Halsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.388","article-title":"Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women","volume":"81","author":"Farshchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083402","article-title":"The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults","volume":"100","author":"Betts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Feeding frequency and energy balance in adult males","volume":"36C","author":"Dallosso","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Nutr Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.1.75","article-title":"Weight loss is greater with consumption of large morning meals and fat-free mass is preserved with large evening meals in women on a controlled weight reduction regimen","volume":"127","author":"Keim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500001616","article-title":"Is advice for breakfast consumption justified? Results from a short-term dietary and metabolic experiment in young healthy men","volume":"84","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930108","article-title":"Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Verboeket-van de Venne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.05.006","article-title":"Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake","volume":"119","author":"Levitsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000702","article-title":"Effect of breakfast omission on energy intake and evening exercise performance","volume":"47","author":"Clayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001506","article-title":"Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults","volume":"114","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib23","article-title":"Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.045849","article-title":"Eating breakfast more frequently is cross-sectionally associated with greater physical activity and lower levels of adiposity in overweight Latina and African American girls","volume":"98","author":"Schembre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249S","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.127","article-title":"Determinants of food choice: relationships with obesity and weight control","volume":"9","author":"Mela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3843.751","article-title":"Obesity and eating. Internal and external cues differentially affect the eating behavior of obese and normal subjects","volume":"161","author":"Schachter","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.007","article-title":"Independent influences of body mass and gastric volumes on satiation in humans","volume":"126","author":"Delgado-Aros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204","article-title":"Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36","volume":"349","author":"Batterham","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8738","article-title":"Food fails to suppress ghrelin levels in obese humans","volume":"87","author":"English","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1216","article-title":"Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects","volume":"90","author":"le Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.13","article-title":"Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry","volume":"10","author":"Wyatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.3.645","article-title":"The role of breakfast in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Schlundt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100065","article-title":"Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC)","volume":"101","author":"Ekelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.262709","article-title":"Exercise counteracts the effects of short-term overfeeding and reduced physical activity independent of energy imbalance in healthy young men","volume":"591","author":"Walhin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-172","article-title":"Bath Breakfast Project (BBP)\u2013examining the role of extended daily fasting in human energy balance and associated health outcomes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN31521726]","volume":"12","author":"Betts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"11","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007038","article-title":"Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES","volume":"4","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib38","first-page":"E639","article-title":"Effect of two methods of hand heating on body temperature, forearm blood flow, and deep venous oxygen saturation","volume":"259","author":"Gallen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00703.2003","article-title":"Branched equation modeling of simultaneous accelerometry and heart rate monitoring improves estimate of directly measured physical activity energy expenditure","volume":"96","author":"Brage","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00092.2006","article-title":"Hierarchy of individual calibration levels for heart rate and accelerometry to measure physical activity","volume":"103","author":"Brage","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1037","article-title":"Assessment of low-to-moderate intensity physical activity thermogenesis in young adults using synchronized heart rate and accelerometry with branched-equation modeling","volume":"136","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01413.2011","article-title":"Validity of combining heart rate and uniaxial acceleration to measure free-living physical activity energy expenditure in young men","volume":"113","author":"Villars","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137206","article-title":"Estimation of free-living energy expenditure by heart rate and movement sensing: a doubly-labelled water study","volume":"10","author":"Brage","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02179.x","article-title":"Multiple comparison procedures updated","volume":"25","author":"Ludbrook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-1-5","article-title":"Diet induced thermogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Westerterp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0021","article-title":"Glucose variability; does it matter?","volume":"31","author":"Siegelaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.06.002","article-title":"Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults?","volume":"105","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(98)00325-3","article-title":"Impact of breakfast consumption on nutritional adequacy of the diets of young adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: ethnic and gender contrasts","volume":"98","author":"Nicklas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90204-X","article-title":"Limitations in the assessment of dietary energy intake by self-report","volume":"44","author":"Schoeller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1994.1045","article-title":"Methodology, correlational analysis, and interpretation of diet diary records of the food and fluid intake of free-living humans","volume":"23","author":"De Castro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003272","article-title":"Breakfast consumption and physical activity in British adolescents","volume":"105","author":"Corder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x","article-title":"On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being","volume":"65","author":"Ryan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.10","article-title":"Comparison of thermogenic sympathetic response to food intake between obese and non-obese young women","volume":"9","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3524-9","article-title":"High-energy breakfast with low-energy dinner decreases overall daily hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522065601?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522065601?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/103\/3\/747\/23767588\/ajcn122044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T02:31:44Z","timestamp":1685759504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522065601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916522065601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in obese adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.122044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}