{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1790020018573,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1895,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T17:28:45Z","timestamp":1508952525000},"page":"1681S-1687S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"special_numbering":"S6","title":["Excess iron intake as a factor in growth, infections, and development of infants and young children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"L\u00f6nnerdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S560","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070284S409","article-title":"Iron deficiency and child development","volume":"28","author":"Lozoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x","article-title":"Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency","volume":"69","author":"Georgieff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.100","article-title":"Is early-life iron exposure critical in neurodegeneration?","volume":"11","author":"Hare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S34-S43","article-title":"Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy","volume":"64","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.020","article-title":"Summary of current recommendations on iron provision and monitoring of iron status for breastfed and formula-fed infants in resource-rich and resource-constrained countries","volume":"167","author":"Hernell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1261","article-title":"Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks","volume":"84","author":"Iannotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.014","article-title":"Developmental physiology of iron absorption, homeostasis, and metabolism in the healthy term infant","volume":"167","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155820","article-title":"Development of iron homeostasis in infants and young children","volume":"106","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112895","article-title":"Iron supplementation of breast-fed Honduran and Swedish infants from 4 to 9 months of age","volume":"138","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.11.3249","article-title":"Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants: results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras","volume":"132","author":"Dewey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92151-2","article-title":"Adverse effect of iron supplementation on weight gain of iron-replete young children","volume":"343","author":"Idjradinata","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.2.84","article-title":"The effect of iron therapy on the growth of iron-replete and iron-deplete children","volume":"49","author":"Majumdar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00773.x","article-title":"Iron supplementation of iron-replete Indonesian infants is associated with reduced weight-for-age","volume":"97","author":"Lind","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1179\/102453311X13085644679980","article-title":"Effect on haematological and anthropometric parameters of iron supplementation in the first 2 years of life. Risks and benefits","volume":"16","author":"Capozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematology."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27350","article-title":"Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal","volume":"90","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00301-9","article-title":"A double-masked, randomized control trial of iron supplementation in early infancy in healthy term breast-fed infants","volume":"143","author":"Friel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.100735","article-title":"Linear and ponderal growth trajectories in well-nourished, iron-sufficient infants are unimpaired by iron supplementation","volume":"139","author":"Gahagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70046-9","article-title":"Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4-23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"1","author":"Pasricha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib19","first-page":"3","article-title":"Iron-zinc-copper interactions","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Micronutrient interactions: impact on child health and nutrition."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.5","article-title":"Interactive effects of iron and zinc on biochemical and functional outcomes in supplementation trials","volume":"82","author":"Fischer Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198609000-00018","article-title":"Effect of iron fortification of infant formula on trace mineral absorption","volume":"5","author":"Haschke","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/115.3.411","article-title":"Oral iron, dietary ligands and zinc absorption","volume":"115","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb18121.x","article-title":"Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula","volume":"83","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199103000-00015","article-title":"Reduced erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in low birth weight infants given iron supplements","volume":"29","author":"Barclay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250500252674","article-title":"Iron supplements reduce erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity in term, breastfed infants","volume":"94","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.4.883","article-title":"A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc","volume":"77","author":"Lind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.3.536","article-title":"Effects of iron, tin, and copper on zinc absorption in humans","volume":"40","author":"Valberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.4.475","article-title":"Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in humans: effects of heme and nonheme iron on the absorption of zinc","volume":"34","author":"Solomons","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60437-7","article-title":"Effect of provision of daily zinc and iron with several micronutrients on growth and morbidity among young children in Pakistan: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"382","author":"Soofi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2","article-title":"Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"Sazawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.568S","article-title":"Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning","volume":"131","author":"Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.197","article-title":"Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years","volume":"166","author":"Lozoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70352-X","article-title":"Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life","volume":"132","author":"Walter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8711","article-title":"Neonatal iron exposure induces neurobehavioural dysfunctions in adult mice","volume":"159","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.003","article-title":"Increased murine neonatal iron intake results in Parkinson-like neurodegeneration with age","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0100-z","article-title":"mRNA expression of proteins involved in iron homeostasis in brain regions is altered by age and by iron overloading in the neonatal period","volume":"35","author":"Dornelles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-010-9181-3","article-title":"Neonatal iron treatment increases apoptotic markers in hippocampal and cortical areas of adult rats","volume":"19","author":"Miwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179713","article-title":"Effects of iron supplementation on growth, gut microbiota, metabolomics and cognitive development of rat pups","volume":"12","author":"Alexeev","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib39","first-page":"389","article-title":"Postnatal inositol levels in preterm infants","volume":"17","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80676-7","article-title":"Iron in human milk","volume":"96","author":"Fransson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5792.69","article-title":"Iron-binding proteins in milk and resistance to Escherichia coli infection in infants","volume":"1","author":"Bullen","year":"1972","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16670","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16670","article-title":"Oral iron acutely elevates bacterial growth in human serum","volume":"5","author":"Cross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156067","article-title":"The effects of iron fortification and supplementation on the gut microbiome and diarrhea in infants and children: a review","volume":"106","author":"Paganini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001160","article-title":"Effects of iron supplementation on dominant bacterial groups in the gut, faecal SCFA and gut inflammation: a randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial in South African children","volume":"112","author":"Dostal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02013651","article-title":"Effect of iron on neonatal gut flora during the first three months of life","volume":"4","author":"Mevissen-Verhage","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307720","article-title":"Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants","volume":"64","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.024","article-title":"Effects of different complementary feeding regimens on iron status and enteric microbiota in breastfed infants","volume":"163","author":"Krebs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.156","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01453-15","article-title":"Iron modulates butyrate production by a child gut microbiota in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Dostal","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001154","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E with therapeutic iron supplementation on iron repletion and gut microbiome in US iron deficient infants and toddlers","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080494","article-title":"Iron fortification of foods for infants and children in low-income countries: effects on the gut microbiome, gut inflammation, and diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Paganini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522027411?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522027411?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T16:25:22Z","timestamp":1685118322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522027411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0002916522027411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Excess iron intake as a factor in growth, infections, and development of infants and young children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.117.156042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2017 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}