{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:05:40Z","timestamp":1792069540767,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5137,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T01:34:18Z","timestamp":1230687258000},"page":"592-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Reduced production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occurs in Zambian children with kwashiorkor but not marasmus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Amadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew O","family":"Fagbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwiya","family":"Mwiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Torrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Salvestrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik A","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hudson H","family":"Freeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon H","family":"Murch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011699","article-title":"Edematous malnutrition.","volume":"54","author":"Golden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200105000-00011","article-title":"Intestinal and systemic infection, HIV, and mortality in Zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition.","volume":"32","author":"Amadi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1995.11747776","article-title":"The distribution of kwashiorkor in the southern region of Malawi.","volume":"15","author":"Courtright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb01217.x","article-title":"Intensive nursing of kwashiorkor in Malawi.","volume":"89","author":"Manary","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib5","series-title":"Calorie deficiencies and protein deficiencies.","first-page":"48","article-title":"Kwashiorkor and marasmus: evolution and distinguishing features.","author":"Gopalan","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31802c6e57","article-title":"A prospective assessment of food and nutrient intake in a population of Malawian children at risk for kwashiorkor.","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813204","article-title":"Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics.","volume":"91","author":"Hendrickse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38427.404259.8F","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial.","volume":"330","author":"Ciliberto","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93180-W","article-title":"Effacement of glomerular foot processes in kwashiorkor.","volume":"336","author":"Golden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(71)90071-4","article-title":"Urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides in kwashiorkor and vitamin A-deficient children.","volume":"34","author":"Mohanram","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(69)90194-6","article-title":"Urinary excretion of sulfate in kwashiorkor.","volume":"25","author":"Ittyerah","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1971.tb09597.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans from brain of children with protein-calorie malnutrition.","volume":"18","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.8.1030","article-title":"Reversible cerebral shrinkage in kwashiorkor: an MRI study.","volume":"67","author":"Gunston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90941-1","article-title":"Congenital enterocyte heparan sulfate deficiency is associated with massive albumin loss, secretory diarrhea and malnutrition.","volume":"347","author":"Murch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64830-4","article-title":"A congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG-Ic) impairs heparan sulfate proteoglycan accumulation in small intestine epithelial cells and contributes to protein-losing enteropathy.","volume":"157","author":"Westphal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1015","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00461.2004","article-title":"Heparan sulfate loss causes protein leakage and amplifies TNF\u03b1-response in anin vitro model of protein-losing enteropathy.","volume":"288","author":"Bode","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510722200","article-title":"Heparan sulfate plays a central role in a dynamic in vitro model of protein-losing enteropathy.","volume":"281","author":"Bode","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32335","article-title":"Heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 are essential in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function.","volume":"118","author":"Bode","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr0803745","article-title":"Patching a leaky intestine.","volume":"359","author":"Lencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmh064","article-title":"Improved nutritional recovery on an elemental diet in Zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition.","volume":"51","author":"Amadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91341-3","article-title":"Classification of infantile malnutrition.","volume":"296","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000076666.16021.5E","article-title":"Chronic T cell-mediated enteropathy in rural West African children: Relationship with nutritional status and small bowel function.","volume":"54","author":"Campbell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.119.4.961","article-title":"Developmental changes in heparan sulfate expression: in situ detection with mAbs.","volume":"119","author":"David","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05817","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology.","volume":"446","author":"Bishop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90485-Y","article-title":"Disruption of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation.","volume":"341","author":"Murch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6046.1231","article-title":"Persistent intestinal protein loss after measles.","volume":"2","author":"Dossetor","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib27","first-page":"269","article-title":"Protein-losing gastroenteropathy in kwashiorkor.","volume":"68","author":"Shukry","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2127","article-title":"Recent advances on structure, metabolism, and function of human milk oligosaccharides.","volume":"136","author":"Bode","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.21","article-title":"Insects as food: why the Western attitude is important.","volume":"44","author":"De Foliart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg007","article-title":"Augmentation of aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity by endotoxin: involvement of endothelium and the coagulation system.","volume":"72","author":"Luyendyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560029","article-title":"Binding of human extracellular superoxide dismutase C to sulfated glycosaminoglycans.","volume":"256","author":"Karlsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.11.004","article-title":"Applied glycoproteomics\u2014approaches to study genetic-environmental collisions causing protein-losing enteropathy.","volume":"1760","author":"Bode","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1179\/146532808X302107","article-title":"Protein metabolism in severe childhood malnutrition.","volume":"28","author":"Jahoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.2.292","article-title":"Studies on hepatic and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipases in protein-calorie malnutrition.","volume":"32","author":"Agbedana","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050031","article-title":"Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and lipoprotein metabolism.","volume":"56","author":"Kolset","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29154","article-title":"Liver heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins independently of LDL receptor family members.","volume":"117","author":"MacArthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.11.3183","article-title":"Epican, a heparan\/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan form of CD44, mediates cell-cell adhesion.","volume":"107","author":"Milstone","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00429-T","article-title":"Differential effects of protamine sulfate on myocyte contractile function with left ventricular failure.","volume":"25","author":"Hird","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib39","first-page":"79","article-title":"Effect of heparin on myocardial contractility of the dog and on Na, K-ATPase.","volume":"43","author":"Karli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.02.030","article-title":"A role for syndecan-3 in the melanocortin regulation of energy balance.","volume":"27","author":"Reizes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47483","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106268200","article-title":"Syndecan-4 deficiency leads to high mortality of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice.","volume":"276","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020100","article-title":"Release of sequestered malaria parasites upon injection of a glycosaminoglycan.","volume":"2","author":"Vogt","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5849-5856.2001","article-title":"Fresh isolates from children with severePlasmodium falciparum malaria bind to multiple receptors.","volume":"69","author":"Heddini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04249","article-title":"A colonization factor linksVibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection.","volume":"438","author":"Kirn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6567","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6567-6584.2004","article-title":"Contribution of proteoglycans to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 brain invasion.","volume":"78","author":"Bobardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930092075","article-title":"The impact of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the management of severe malnutrition in Malawi.","volume":"20","author":"Kessler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib47","first-page":"45","article-title":"Singh KhI, Singh NB, Singh PI. Prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS symptomatology in malnourished children: a hospital based study.","volume":"36","author":"Angami","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-27","article-title":"Severe malnutrition with and without HIV-1 infection in hospitalised children in Kampala, Uganda: differences in clinical features, haematological findings and CD4+ cell counts.","volume":"5","author":"Bachou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135458","article-title":"Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate.","volume":"71","author":"Esko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00883.x","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"14","author":"Salvatore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523239842?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523239842?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/89\/2\/592\/23850506\/592.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T16:43:58Z","timestamp":1685378638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523239842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523239842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reduced production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occurs in Zambian children with kwashiorkor but not marasmus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}