{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1783653902513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4796,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T02:38:01Z","timestamp":1257388681000},"page":"140-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Frequency of lactose malabsorption among healthy southern and northern Indian populations by genetic analysis and lactose hydrogen breath and tolerance tests"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Janaki","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaishri H","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday C","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption in healthy adults","volume":"27","author":"Mittal","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(22)00849-0","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption: its biology and history","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper BT. Lactose malabsorption. Lancet 1985;1:465 (letter).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91190-0"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820","article-title":"Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance","volume":"37","author":"Swallow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suter CB. Lactose malabsorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:308\u20139 (letter).","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.4.308"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508184677","article-title":"Genetic lactase non-persistence, consumption of milk products and intakes of milk nutrients in Finns from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"102","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(96)00294-8","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and diarrhea","volume":"13","author":"Suarez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib8","first-page":"125","article-title":"Lactase deficiency and lactose malabsorption. A review","volume":"24","author":"Enck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Lactose maldigestion in different age groups of north Indians","volume":"25","author":"Rana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/36.2.80","article-title":"Age dependency of the lactase persistence and lactase restriction phenotypes among children in Sri Lanka and Britain","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib11","first-page":"284","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and its ethnic differences in Hans and Uygurs","volume":"101","author":"Zheng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01072857","article-title":"Gastric emptying of lactose and milk in subjects with lactose malabsorption","volume":"22","author":"Welsh","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/2161244a0","article-title":"Lactose intolerance in asians","volume":"216","author":"Davis","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01263095","article-title":"The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption. A weighing of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Simoons","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib15","first-page":"163","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and milk rejection in Negro children","volume":"129","author":"Paige","year":"1971","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med J"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1086\/421051","article-title":"Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene","volume":"74","author":"Bersaglieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.5.364","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption during gastroenteritis, assessed by the hydrogen breath test","volume":"56","author":"Gardiner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.10.005","article-title":"Hydrogen breath test in the diagnosis of lactose malabsorption: accuracy of new versus conventional criteria","volume":"144","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/715459","article-title":"Hydrogen breath test for diagnosis of lactose malabsorption: the importance of timing and the number of breath samples","volume":"20","author":"Di Camillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5973.751","article-title":"Tests for lactose malabsorption in adults","volume":"2","author":"Metz","year":"1975","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04986.x","article-title":"Lactose intolerance in patients with irritable bowel syndrome from northern India: a case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90409-4","article-title":"High frequency of lactose absorbers among adults with idiopathic senile and presenile cataract in a population with a high prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption","volume":"1","author":"Rinaldi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826","article-title":"Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"30","author":"Enattah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/gte.2004.8.190","article-title":"PCR-RFLP genotyping assay for a lactase persistence polymorphism upstream of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene","volume":"8","author":"Chao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genet Test"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.5.943","article-title":"Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians","volume":"34","author":"Tandon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib26","first-page":"78","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test","volume":"23","author":"Rana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041194","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of lactose malabsorption by lactose hydrogen breath test in individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica and passing cysts","volume":"92","author":"Rana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02949.x","article-title":"Significance of Rome II-defined functional constipation in Taiwan and comparison with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1946","article-title":"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe","volume":"39","author":"Tishkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3.2.S10","article-title":"Dealing with contamination: enzymatic control of carryover contamination in PCR","volume":"3","author":"Hartley","year":"1993","journal-title":"PCR Methods Appl"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib31","first-page":"86","article-title":"Lactose hydrogen breath test versus lactose tolerance test in the tropics: does positive lactose tolerance test reflect more severe lactose malabsorption?","volume":"30","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.006","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphism C\/T(-13910), located upstream of the lactase gene, associated with adult-type hypolactasia: validation for clinical practice","volume":"41","author":"Mattar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701676617","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption in the elderly: role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"43","author":"Almeida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199905000-00006","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of breath methane excretion as a diagnostic test for lactose malabsorption","volume":"28","author":"Myo-Khin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1527-TVORBP","article-title":"The variability of results between point-of-care testing glucose meters and the central laboratory analyzer","volume":"130","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X148274","article-title":"Assessing glucose meter accuracy","volume":"22","author":"Arabadjief","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1970.11686716","article-title":"An epidemic of tropical sprue in southern India. II. Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Baker","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1970.11686715","article-title":"An epidemic of tropical sprue in southern India. I. Clinical features","volume":"64","author":"Mathan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90247-7","article-title":"Tropical sprue in southern India","volume":"82","author":"Mathan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib40","first-page":"460","article-title":"The clinical significance of lactose malabsorption","volume":"53","author":"Gudmand-Hoyer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299809","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in Italians. Clinical implications","volume":"31","author":"Bozzani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib42","first-page":"417","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and calcium intake as risk factors for osteoporosis in elderly New Zealand women","volume":"104","author":"Wheadon","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/28.2.175","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and rate of bone loss in older women","volume":"28","author":"Goulding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719294","article-title":"Bone density in axial and appendicular skeleton in patients with lactose intolerance: influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status","volume":"22","author":"Segal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(01)80713-1","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption, irritable bowel syndrome and self-reported milk intolerance","volume":"33","author":"Vernia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib46","first-page":"117","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of a long-term lactose-free diet","volume":"27","author":"Vernia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib47","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force","volume":"27","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib48","first-page":"103","article-title":"Epidemiology of dyspepsia in the general population in Mumbai","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib49","first-page":"13","article-title":"Assessment of optimal dose of lactose for lactose hydrogen breath test in Indian adults","volume":"14","author":"Rana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03815.x","article-title":"Low-dose lactose in drugs neither increases breath hydrogen excretion nor causes gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Montalto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6204","article-title":"Hydrogen breath test for the diagnosis of lactose intolerance, is the routine sugar load the best one?","volume":"14","author":"Argnani","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-3098-y","article-title":"Three-hour hydrogen breath test for assessing lactose malabsorption in clinical practice: to give 50 or 20 grams of lactose?","volume":"51","author":"Tursi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.06.008","article-title":"Pitfalls in LightCycler diagnosis of the single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene that is associated with adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"384","author":"Weiskirchen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib54","unstructured":"Usai Satta P, Congia M, Schirru E, Scarpa M, Mura G. Genetic testing is ready to change the diagnostic scenario of lactose malabsorption. Gut 2008;57:137\u20138, author reply 138."},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.031","article-title":"An upstream polymorphism associated with lactase persistence has increased enhancer activity","volume":"125","author":"Troelsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg244","article-title":"Lactase persistence DNA variant enhances lactase promoter activity in vitro: functional role as a cis regulatory element","volume":"12","author":"Olds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi418","article-title":"T-13910 DNA variant associated with lactase persistence interacts with Oct-1 and stimulates lactase promoter activity in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Lewinsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.02.003","article-title":"Adult-type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression","volume":"1723","author":"Troelsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.5.647","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"52","author":"Kuokkanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523016003?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523016003?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/91\/1\/140\/23862127\/140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T17:18:05Z","timestamp":1685467085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523016003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523016003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Frequency of lactose malabsorption among healthy southern and northern Indian populations by genetic analysis and lactose hydrogen breath and tolerance tests","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27946","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}