{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:37:16Z","timestamp":1792881436904,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1548,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.016717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T16:35:09Z","timestamp":1517848509000},"page":"830-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure\u2013Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4636-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Bahadoran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvin","family":"Mirmiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9496-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6470-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereidoun","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6867-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asghar","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2013.05.130048","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive therapeutic classes and treatment strategies in initiation of therapy in primary care patients: a Distributed Ambulatory Research in Therapeutics Network (DARTNet) Study","volume":"26","author":"Bronsert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004071","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of anti-hypertensive drugs in monotherapy or combination: ATOM systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials according to PRISMA statement","volume":"95","author":"Paz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib4","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to blood pressure reduction: an evidence-based review","volume":"54","author":"Nahas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0b013e318293645f","article-title":"Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"61","author":"Brook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00211","article-title":"On the mechanism by which dietary nitrate improves human skeletal muscle function","volume":"6","author":"Affourtit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.05.004","article-title":"Effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on tolerance to supramaximal intensity intermittent exercise","volume":"49","author":"Aucouturier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-106","article-title":"Effect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Coles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.024","article-title":"Effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","article-title":"Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1121","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00206.2010","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure and the physiological responses to moderate-intensity and incremental exercise","volume":"299","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000190","article-title":"Blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and novel beetroot-enriched breads in normotensive male subjects","volume":"108","author":"Hobbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.170233","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Siervo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001305","article-title":"Medium-term effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Ashor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib17","first-page":"679","article-title":"Chemical composition, functional properties and processing of beetroot\u2014a review","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sci Eng Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2174\/157488709788186021","article-title":"A general framework for the evaluation of clinical trial quality","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00722.2009","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans","volume":"107","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01070.2010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study","volume":"110","author":"Lansley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.1.64","article-title":"Nitrate supplementation's improvement of 10-km time-trial performance in trained cyclists","volume":"22","author":"Cermak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00406.2012","article-title":"Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"304","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.09.007","article-title":"Beetroot supplementation lowers daily systolic blood pressure in older, overweight subjects","volume":"34","author":"Jajja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.114","article-title":"Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on microvascular blood flow in older overweight and obese subjects: a pilot randomised controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Ashor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.05.004","article-title":"Effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on tolerance to supramaximal intensity intermittent exercise","volume":"49","author":"Aucouturier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.101188","article-title":"Absence of an effect of high nitrate intake from beetroot juice on blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Bondonno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.07.028","article-title":"Effects of handgrip exercise or inorganic nitrate supplementation on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and peripheral arterial function in overweight and obese middle age and older adults: a pilot RCT","volume":"82","author":"Lara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R459","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00099.2015","article-title":"Effects of chronic dietary nitrate supplementation on the hemodynamic response to dynamic exercise","volume":"309","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.01.002","article-title":"The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on the oxygen cost of cycling, walking performance and resting blood pressure in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double blind placebo controlled, randomised control trial","volume":"48","author":"Shepherd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.10.002","article-title":"Improvement in blood pressure after short-term inorganic nitrate supplementation is attenuated in cigarette smokers compared to non-smoking controls","volume":"61","author":"Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.12.013","article-title":"One week of daily dosing with beetroot juice improves submaximal endurance and blood pressure in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"4","author":"Eggebeen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116244","article-title":"Dietary nitrate improves vascular function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"103","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00046.2010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans","volume":"109","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000351","article-title":"Nitrate supplementation enhances the contractile properties of human skeletal muscle","volume":"46","author":"Haider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-016-1551-2","article-title":"Nitrate-rich beetroot juice selectively lowers ambulatory pressures and LDL cholesterol in uncontrolled but not controlled hypertension: a pilot study","author":"Kerley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.12.008","article-title":"Influence of iodide ingestion on nitrate metabolism and blood pressure following short-term dietary nitrate supplementation in healthy normotensive adults","volume":"63","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.34","article-title":"Improvement of hypertension, endothelial function and systemic inflammation following short-term supplementation with red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) juice: a randomized crossover pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Asgary","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2560","article-title":"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report","volume":"289","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042801","article-title":"The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Clifford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.3945\/an.117.016717_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.04.007","article-title":"Ageing modifies the effects of beetroot juice supplementation on 24-hour blood pressure variability: an individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Siervo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy004","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000}}],"container-title":["Advances in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S216183132200816X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S216183132200816X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.3945\/an.117.016717","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T22:15:20Z","timestamp":1685657720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S216183132200816X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S216183132200816X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.117.016717","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-8313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-8313","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure\u2013Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Advances in Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.117.016717","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 American Society for Nutrition","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}