{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:39:35Z","timestamp":1792679975131,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2980,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T04:49:24Z","timestamp":1413434964000},"page":"2034-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Higher Dietary Choline Intake Is Associated with Lower Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Normal-Weight Chinese Women"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Danxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ou","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Bing","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Tang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303034","article-title":"Ectopic fat, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for cardiovascular disease.","volume":"34","author":"Byrne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051544","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its connection with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.","volume":"5","author":"Gaggini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws448","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994.","volume":"178","author":"Lazo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.171","article-title":"The global NAFLD epidemic.","volume":"10","author":"Loomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12036","article-title":"Epidemiology of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China.","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i29.3377","article-title":"Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence.","volume":"17","author":"Zelber-Sagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.07.003","article-title":"Phenotyping the effect of diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"57","author":"de Wit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.07.002","article-title":"Colonic bacterial metabolites and human health.","volume":"16","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.09.009","article-title":"Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and lipoprotein metabolism.","volume":"1821","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b","article-title":"Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression.","volume":"28","author":"Corbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283600d46","article-title":"Choline's role in maintaining liver function: new evidence for epigenetic mechanisms.","volume":"16","author":"Mehedint","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x","article-title":"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health.","volume":"67","author":"Zeisel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1275","article-title":"Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline.","volume":"85","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.020156","article-title":"Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"95","author":"Guerrerio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi322","article-title":"The Shanghai Women's Health Study: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics.","volume":"162","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507750900","article-title":"Dietary patterns and their correlates among middle-aged and elderly Chinese men: a report from the Shanghai Men's Health Study.","volume":"98","author":"Cai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib18","unstructured":"USDA; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed.Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.20","article-title":"What should we recommend to our patients with NAFLD regarding alcohol use?","volume":"107","author":"Liangpunsakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601738","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of the food frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Women's Health Study.","volume":"58","author":"Shu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib21","unstructured":"ZhaiF, YangX. The nutrition and health status of the Chinese people 2002: diet and nutrients intake. Beijing (China): People's Medical Publishing House; 2006."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib22","unstructured":"USDA. Database for the choline content of common foods. Release 2. Beltsville (MD): Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; 2008."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib23","unstructured":"USDA. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Release 25. Beltsville (MD): Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; 2012."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq491","article-title":"Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and breast cancer risk among Chinese women.","volume":"173","author":"Shrubsole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies.","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg255","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of the Shanghai Women's Health Study physical activity questionnaire.","volume":"158","author":"Matthews","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.905","article-title":"Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study.","volume":"83","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-7-20","article-title":"Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.","volume":"7","author":"Bidulescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib29","first-page":"547","article-title":"Choline and betaine food sources and intakes in Taiwanese.","volume":"21","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.1073","article-title":"The association between betaine and choline intakes and the plasma concentrations of homocysteine in women.","volume":"86","author":"Chiuve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.191","article-title":"Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"8","author":"Hebbard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18528","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.099333","article-title":"Specific contribution of methionine and choline in nutritional nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: impact on mitochondrial S-adenosyl-L-methionine and glutathione.","volume":"285","author":"Caballero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3580com","article-title":"Polymorphism of the PEMT gene and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.12.012","article-title":"The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene V175M single nucleotide polymorphism confers the susceptibility to NASH in Japanese population.","volume":"46","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-219097","article-title":"Genetic signatures in choline and 1-carbon metabolism are associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis.","volume":"27","author":"Corbin","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.172","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"7","author":"Abu-Shanab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.146","article-title":"The Gordian knot of dysbiosis, obesity and NAFLD.","volume":"10","author":"Mehal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601056103","article-title":"Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice.","volume":"103","author":"Dumas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.049","article-title":"Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency.","volume":"140","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621","article-title":"Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"115","author":"Donnelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.3945\/jn.114.197533_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.171132","article-title":"Dietary choline and betaine intakes vary in an adult multiethnic population.","volume":"143","author":"Yonemori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622010744?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622010744?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/144\/12\/2034\/23975659\/2034.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T21:57:05Z","timestamp":1686693425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622010744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622010744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.114.197533","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Higher Dietary Choline Intake Is Associated with Lower Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Normal-Weight Chinese Women","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.114.197533","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}