{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T23:22:39Z","timestamp":1764890559331,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Korean Society for Preventive Medicine","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpmph.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPMPH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Although studies have demonstrated a decline in mental health during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the long-term psychological effects remain insufficiently understood. This study conducted a web-based questionnaire survey to identify factors associated with depression among college students in Hokkaido, Japan, during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A total of 187 participants who responded to a questionnaire administered in April 2022 were included in this study. The survey evaluated depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and included items on exercise habits, sleep duration, food frequency score (FFS), World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), daily step count, part-time job participation, and involvement in club activities.Results: The mean CES-D score was 18.2\u00b19.9, with 95 participants (50.8%) exhibiting symptoms of depression. Compared to those in the depression group, participants in the non-depression group were significantly more likely to engage in regular exercise and part-time jobs, as well as higher FFS, WHO-5, and FCV-19S scores. Logistic regression analysis showed that, even after adjusting for confounding variables, the WHO-5 score, FCV-19S score, and participation in part-time jobs remained significantly associated with depression scores.Conclusions: Almost half of the participants showed symptoms of depression. These symptoms were associated with poor exercise habits and lack of part-time employment, among other factors. Among college students who had experienced more than 2 years of the pandemic, engaging in part-time work may have reduced social isolation and helped lower the risk of depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.25.186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T07:07:46Z","timestamp":1755673666000},"page":"581-588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lifestyle and Psychological Factors Associated With Depression in College Students in Hokkaido, Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3961","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5745-9721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiya","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotomi","family":"Echizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1848-9767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2350","reference":[{"volume-title":"","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2018.07.009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12420-0"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.4739"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00506-x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1942009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051115"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.1.51"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158036"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01619.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7600\/jspfsm.70.175"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03997-x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00748-3"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.019"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.05.009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46966\/ijae.v4i1.314"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"717","volume-title":"New self-rating scale for depression","author":"Shima","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010429"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206828"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Lifestyles and health of new students of health sciences universities (1); 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