{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:24:22Z","timestamp":1790817862809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Society for Preventive Medicine","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpmph.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPMPH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study examined the association between various tobacco product use behaviors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Korean adults.Methods: Data from 15 359 adults aged \u226519 years who participated in the 2020\u20132022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Participants were classified as dual users, e-cigarettes (EC; nicotine-containing liquid-type)\/ heated tobacco products (HTP) users, cigarette-only users, ex-smokers, or non-smokers. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP III criteria. Subgroup analyses were conducted by survey year and age group. Complex-sample cross-tabulation and logistic regression analyses were performed.Results: All types of tobacco product use were associated with an increased likelihood of MetS compared with non-smokers. This association was particularly evident among dual users (odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.94) and cigarette-only users (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.41). The highest risk was observed among adults aged 19\u201339 years and among dual users in 2020.Conclusions: Dual use and cigarette smoking were associated with a higher likelihood of MetS, particularly among younger adults. Efforts are needed to reduce the misconception that EC\/HTP products are less harmful alternatives and to strengthen education and prevention in order to prevent changes in tobacco use behavior from leading to new health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.25.684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:41:40Z","timestamp":1773963700000},"page":"174-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations Between Tobacco Use Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Analysis of the 2020\u20132022 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