{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:28:16Z","timestamp":1786354096161,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Korean Society for Preventive Medicine","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R501-LR-GPP001-0000002020-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R501-LR-GPP001-0000002020-0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpmph.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPMPH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Dengue fever remains a major public health concern in Malaysia, with marked spatial heterogeneity and evolving temporal dynamics. Although the incidence of dengue has increased substantially in recent years, district-level risk patterns and their changes over time remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess the spatio-temporal distribution of dengue risk in Peninsular Malaysia.Methods: A retrospective analysis of dengue surveillance data was conducted using district-level monthly case counts from 2022 to 2024. Dengue risk was modeled with Bayesian spatio-temporal models incorporating spatial effects, temporal effects, and space\u2013time interaction terms. Spatial variation was modeled using the Besag\u2013York\u2013Molli\u00e9 2 specification, while temporal trends were modeled using a first-order random walk. Competing models were compared using the deviance information criterion (DIC) and Watanabe\u2013Akaike information criterion (WAIC). Relative risk (RR) and exceedance probability maps were generated from the best-fitting model.Results: Dengue incidence increased markedly after 2022, with incidence rates nearly doubling in 2023 and remaining high in 2024. Incidence maps showed pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with persistent high-incidence districts concentrated in urban and peri-urban regions. Spatio-temporal models incorporating space\u2013time interaction substantially outperformed the additive model, with lower DIC and WAIC values. The best-fitting model identified the highest RRs in districts within Selangor, while several districts in Penang, and Johor had high posterior probabilities of elevated risk [P(RR&gt;1)&gt;0.8].Conclusions: This study demonstrates substantial spatial heterogeneity and evolving temporal dynamics in dengue risk across Peninsular Malaysia. Bayesian spatio-temporal disease mapping provides robust, localized, time-specific estimates of dengue risk and may support targeted surveillance and intervention in endemic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.26.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:55:07Z","timestamp":1783986907000},"page":"364-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatio-temporal Distribution and Relative Risk of Dengue Fever in Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3961","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1166-3876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamad Afiq Amsyar","family":"Hamedin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-0628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamarul Imran","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2255-2268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohd Rahim","family":"Sulong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, 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