{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:26:03Z","timestamp":1787030763971,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"The Econometric Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ECTA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freedman (2008a,b) showed that the linear regression estimator is biased for the analysis of randomized controlled trials under the randomization model. Under Freedman's assumptions, we derive exact closed\u2010form bias corrections for the linear regression estimator. We show that the limiting distribution of the bias corrected estimator is identical to the uncorrected estimator. Taken together with results from Lin (2013), our results show that Freedman's theoretical arguments against the use of regression adjustment can be resolved with minor modifications to practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/ecta20289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T07:17:38Z","timestamp":1726816658000},"page":"1503-1519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exact Bias Correction for Linear Adjustment of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Haoge","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Aronow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Statistics and Data Science, Political Science, Biostatistics, and Economics, Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200710-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA12675","volume":"88","author":"Abadie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hefe.2016.10.003","volume-title":"Handbook of Economic Field Experiments","volume":"1","author":"Athey","year":"2017"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0003","unstructured":"Chiang, Harold D., Yukitoshi Matsushita, and Taisuke Otsu (2023): \u201cRegression Adjustment in Randomized Controlled Trials With Many Covariates,\u201d arXiv preprint. arXiv:2302.00469."},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0004","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","author":"Cochran","year":"1977"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.005","volume":"210","author":"Deaton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/61.1.151","author":"Finucan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200710-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aam.2006.12.003","volume":"40","author":"Freedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200710-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1214\/07-AOAS143","volume":"2","author":"Freedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200710-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.399","volume":"48","author":"Imbens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Economic literature"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751","volume-title":"Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences","author":"Imbens","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200710-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa103","volume":"108","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200710-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1214\/12-AOAS583","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200710-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2012.01048.x","volume":"75","author":"Miratrix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0014","first-page":"465","author":"Splawa-Neyman","year":"1923","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2014.07.003","volume":"131","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Multivariate Analysis"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0016","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Monographs on statistics and applied probability"},{"key":"ecta200710-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934","author":"White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"536","key":"ecta200710-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1750415","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"}],"container-title":["Econometrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T04:49:01Z","timestamp":1727412541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.econometricsociety.org\/doi\/10.3982\/ECTA20289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3982\/ECTA20289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/ecta20289","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-9682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-9682","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}