{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:20:53Z","timestamp":1790893253430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"The Econometric Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014144","name":"Rea Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ECTA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In low\u2010income communities in both rich and poor countries, redistributive transfers within kin and social networks are frequent. Such arrangements may distort labor supply\u2014acting as a \u201csocial tax\u201d that dampens the incentive to work. We document that across countries, from the United States to C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, low\u2010income groups report strong pressure to share earned income with others; in addition, social groups that undertake more interpersonal transfers work fewer hours. Using a field experiment, we enable piece\u2010rate factory workers in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire to shield income using blocked savings accounts over 9 months. Workers may only deposit earnings increases, relative to baseline, mitigating income effects on labor supply. Offering Private accounts raises work attendance by 6.5% and earnings by 9.4%. These treatment effects are concentrated among workers who report higher redistributive pressure at baseline. To obtain further suggestive evidence on mechanisms, in a supplementary experiment, we vary whether blocked accounts are private or known to the worker's network. When accounts are private, take\u2010up is substantively higher (60% vs. 14%), with a resultant 8.8% higher earnings. Outgoing transfers do not decline, indicating no loss in redistribution. The welfare benefits of informal redistribution may come at a cost, depressing labor supply and productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/ecta21078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:00:52Z","timestamp":1763388052000},"page":"2273-2308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Social Tax: Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Eliana","family":"Carranza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank, Social Protection and Labor Global Practice"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aletheia","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank, Africa Gender Innovation Lab"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Grosset-Touba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREST, ENSAE, Institut Polytechnique de Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department, University of California at Berkeley"},{"name":"NBER"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"346","key":"ecta200828-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ecca.12330","volume":"87","author":"Alby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economica"},{"issue":"612","key":"ecta200828-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F609","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12517","volume":"128","author":"Alm\u00e5s","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200828-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302760193931","volume":"117","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ecta200828-bib-0004","unstructured":"ANSD (2022), \u201cEnqu\u00eate Harmonis\u00e9e sur les Conditions de Vie des M\u00e9nages 2018\u20132019 S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.\u201d Data set from the Agence National de la Statistique et de la D\u00e9mographie (ANSD). 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