{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:57:01Z","timestamp":1791374221918,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"The Econometric Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ECTA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the effect of incarceration on wages, self\u2010employment, and taxes and transfers in North Carolina and Ohio using two quasi\u2010experimental research designs: discontinuities in sentencing guidelines and random assignment to judges. Across both states, incarceration generates short\u2010term drops in economic activity while individuals remain in prison. As a result, a year\u2010long sentence decreases cumulative earnings over five years by 13%. Beyond five years, however, there is no evidence of lower employment, wage earnings, or self\u2010employment in either state, as well as among defendants with no prior incarceration history. These results suggest that upstream factors, such as other types of criminal justice interactions or pre\u2010existing labor market detachment, are more likely to be the cause of low earnings among the previously incarcerated, who we estimate would earn just $5000 per year on average if spared a prison sentence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/ecta22028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:13:54Z","timestamp":1743077634000},"page":"503-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Impact of Incarceration on Employment, Earnings, and Tax Filing"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Garin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University"},{"name":"NBER"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Koustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Public Policy, University of Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Pecenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan K.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Chicago"},{"name":"NBER"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotam","family":"Shem-Tov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, UCLA"},{"name":"NBER"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.2.351","volume":"91","author":"Ackerberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0002","first-page":"560","volume":"107","author":"Agan","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx028","volume":"133","author":"Agan","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0004","unstructured":"Agan, Amanda, Andrew Garin, Dmitri Koustas, Alex Mas, and Crystal Yang (2022): \u201cThe Impact of Criminal Records on Employment, Earnings, and Tax Filing,\" Statistics on Income (SOI),\u201d Working Paper."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agan, Amanda Y., Jennifer L. Doleac, and Anna Harvey (2021): \u201cMisdemeanor Prosecution,\u201d Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28600"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv003","volume":"130","author":"Aizer","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0007","first-page":"313","author":"Angrist","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"430","key":"ecta200751-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476535","volume":"90","author":"Angrist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1255(199901\/02)14:1<57::AID-JAE501>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"14","author":"Angrist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"ecta200751-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20201653","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0011","first-page":"1","author":"Arteaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustine, Elsa, Johanna Lacoe, Alissa Skog, and Steven Raphael (2021): \u201cThe Impact of Felony Diversion in San Francisco,\u201d Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley. Working Paper.","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22371"},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200751-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy003","volume":"133","author":"Bayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1086\/259394","volume":"76","author":"Becker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2307\/2951662","author":"Bekker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200751-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1086\/705330","volume":"128","author":"Bhuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blandhol, Christine, John Bonney, Magne Mogstad, and Alexander Torgovitsky (2022): \u201cWhen Is TSLS Actually Late?\u201d Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29709"},{"issue":"430","key":"ecta200751-bib-0018","first-page":"443","volume":"90","author":"Bound","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical association"},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200751-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00022","volume":"92","author":"Charles","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz042","volume":"135","author":"Chetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200751-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2009.0003","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0022","first-page":"150","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0023","unstructured":"Collins, Brett, Andrew Garin, Emilie Jackson, Dmitri Koustas, and Mark Payne (2019): \u201cIs Gig Work Replacing Traditional Employment? Evidence From Two Decades of Tax Returns,\u201d SOI Working Paper."},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.5.1927","volume":"102","author":"Dahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3982\/QE601","volume":"8","author":"Chaisemartin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantitative Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161503","volume":"108","author":"Dobbie","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2020.6.1.04","volume":"6","author":"Emory","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.05.004","volume":"164","author":"Estelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0029","unstructured":"Fair, Helen, and Roy Walmsley (2021): \u201cWorld Prison Population List (Thirteenth Edition),\u201d Tech. rep., Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0030","volume-title":"Criminal Justice Administrative Records System (CJARS)","author":"Finlay","year":"2022"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finlay, Keith, Matthew Gross, Carl Lieberman, Elizabeth Luh, and Michael G. Mueller-Smith (2023): \u201cThe Impact of Criminal Financial Sanctions: A Multi-State Analysis of Survey and Administrative Data,\u201d Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31581"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finlay, Keith, Michael Mueller-Smith, and Brittany Street (2022a): \u201cCriminal Justice Involvement, Self-Employment, and Barriers in Recent Public Policy.\u201d","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22438"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0033","volume-title":"2021 APPAM Fall Research Conference","author":"Finlay","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20201860","volume":"113","author":"Frandsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200751-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344560","volume":"92","author":"Garces","year":"2002","journal-title":"American economic review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garin, Andrew, Dmitri Koustas, Carl McPherson, Samuel Norris, Matthew Pecenco, Evan K. Rose, Yotam Shem-Tov, and Jeffrey Weaver (2025): \u201cSupplement to \u2018The Impact of Incarceration on Employment, Earnings, and Tax Filing\u2019,\u201d Econometrica Supplemental Material, 93, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/ECTA22028.","DOI":"10.3386\/w32747"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181607","volume":"111","author":"Goncalves","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, Felipe M., and Steven Mello (2023): \u201cPolice Discretion and Public Safety,\u201d Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31678"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/2109547","author":"Grogger","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/2118510","volume":"110","author":"Grogger","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, Arpit, Christopher Hansman, and Evan Riehl (2022): \u201cCommunity Impacts of Mass Incarceration,\u201d Unpublished Working Paper.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4033774"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1086\/697507","volume":"124","author":"Harding","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0043","first-page":"711","volume":"69","author":"Heaton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stan. L. Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ecta200751-bib-0044","volume":"94","author":"Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of public Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200751-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1086\/596039","volume":"52","author":"Hjalmarsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0046","author":"Hjalmarsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzer, Harry J., Lawrence F. Katz, and Alan B. Krueger (1988): \u201cJob Queues and Wages: New Evidence on the Minimum Wage and Inter-Industry Wage Structure.\u201d","DOI":"10.3386\/w2561"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/501089","volume":"49","author":"Holzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0049","unstructured":"Humphries, John Eric, Aurelie Ouss, Megan T. Stevenson, Winnie van Dijk, and Kamelia Stavreva (2022): \u201cMeasuring Effects of Conviction and Incarceration on Recidivism Using Multi-Treatment Random Judge Designs,\u201d Unpublished Working Paper."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0050","unstructured":"Huttunen, Kristiina, Martti Kaila, and Emily Nix (2020): \u201cThe Punishment Ladder: Estimating the Impact of Different Punishments on Defendant Outcomes,\u201d Unpublished manuscript."},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/2951620","volume":"62","author":"Imbens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan, Andrew, Ezra Karger, and Derek A. Neal (2021): \u201cHeterogeneous Impacts of Sentencing Decisions.\u201d","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3927995"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/2534590","volume":"1991","author":"Juhn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamat, Vishal, Samuel Norris, and Matthew Pecenco (2023): \u201cConviction, Incarceration, and Policy Effects in the Criminal Justice System,\u201d Unpublished Working Paper.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4777635"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0055","unstructured":"Kang-Brown, Jacob, Chase Montagnet, and Jasmine Heiss (2021): \u201cPeople in Jail and Prison in 2020,\u201d New York: Vera Institute of Justice."},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200751-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.863","volume":"96","author":"Kling","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0057","unstructured":"Koles\u00e1r, Michal (2013): \u201cEstimation in an Instrumental Variables Model With Treatment Effect Heterogeneity,\u201d Tech. rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1086\/209917","volume":"17","author":"Kornfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs052","volume":"128","author":"Kuziemko","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1086\/682911","volume":"58","author":"Landers\u00f8","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0061","first-page":"77","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12000","volume":"51","author":"Loeffler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0063","first-page":"815","volume":"108","author":"Loeffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crim. L. & Criminology"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0064","unstructured":"Looney, Adam, and Nicholas Turner (2018): \u201cWork and Opportunity Before and After Incarceration.\u201d"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0065","unstructured":"Mello, Steven (2021): \u201cFines and Financial Wellbeing,\u201d Tech. rep., Working paper."},{"issue":"11","key":"ecta200751-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190221","volume":"111","author":"Mogstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0067","unstructured":"Morrison, William, and John Wieselthier (2023): \u201cLegal Financial Obligations and Reoffense,\u201d Unpublished Working Paper."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0068","unstructured":"Mueller-Smith, Michael (2015): \u201cThe Criminal and Labor Market Impacts of Incarceration,\u201d Working paper. https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/n4i4jbhvueing5i1qzpc9\/MMS_2015_WP.pdf?rlkey=34b5rcvhxfdzs7tn1c0sszd5e&dl=0."},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa030","volume":"88","author":"Mueller-Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/684310","volume":"45","author":"Neal","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Legal Studies"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, Samuel, and Evan K. Rose (2023): \u201cLaffer's Day in Court: The Revenue Effects of Criminal Justice Fees and Fines,\u201d Tech. rep., National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31806"},{"issue":"9","key":"ecta200751-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190415","volume":"111","author":"Norris","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0073","unstructured":"Norris, Samuel, Matthew Pecenco, and Jeffrey Weaver (2022): \u201cThe Effect of Incarceration on Mortality,\u201d Available at SSRN 3644719."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0074","unstructured":"Ostrom, Brian J., Lydia E. Hamblin, Richard Y. Schauffler, and Nial Raaen (2020): \u201cTimely Justice in Criminal Cases: What the Data Tells Us,\u201d National Center for State Courts."},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1086\/374403","volume":"108","author":"Pager","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400505","volume":"74","author":"Pager","year":"2009","journal-title":"American sociological review"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0077","unstructured":"Pew Charitable Trusts (2008): \u201cOne in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008,\u201d Tech. rep."},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0078","first-page":"319","author":"Raphael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public policy and the income distribution"},{"issue":"2","key":"ecta200751-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa046","volume":"136","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ecta200751-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1086\/716561","volume":"129","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0081","unstructured":"Rose, Evan K., and Yotam Shem-Tov (2022): \u201cOn Recoding Ordered Treatments as Binary Indicators.\u201d"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA20996","volume":"92","author":"Shem-Tov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00685","volume":"99","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200751-bib-0084","first-page":"511","volume":"34","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1086\/696209","volume":"123","author":"Sugie","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"ecta200751-bib-0086","unstructured":"Sykes, Bryan L., and Amanda Geller (2017): \u201cMass Incarceration and the Underground Economy in America,\u201d Tech. rep., Fragile Families Working Paper: 17-03-FF."},{"issue":"4","key":"ecta200751-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240206700403","volume":"67","author":"Western","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"ecta200751-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/001979390005400101","volume":"54","author":"Western","year":"2000","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"ecta200751-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1086\/681301","volume":"120","author":"Western","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ecta200751-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128701047003007","volume":"47","author":"Western","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crime & delinquency"}],"container-title":["Econometrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:26:44Z","timestamp":1745839604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.econometricsociety.org\/doi\/10.3982\/ECTA22028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3982\/ECTA22028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/ecta22028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-9682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-9682","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}