{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:22:47Z","timestamp":1787311367506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Econometric Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004260","name":"Renmin University of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["QE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a weighted optimization framework that unifies the binary, multivalued, and continuous treatment\u2014as well as mixture of discrete and continuous treatment\u2014under a unconfounded treatment assignment. With a general loss function, the framework includes the average, quantile, and asymmetric least squares causal effect of treatment as special cases. For this general framework, we first derive the semiparametric efficiency bound for the causal effect of treatment, extending the existing bound results to a wider class of models. We then propose a generalized optimization estimator for the causal effect with weights estimated by solving an expanding set of equations. Under some sufficient conditions, we establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator of the causal effect and show that the estimator attains the semiparametric efficiency bound, thereby extending the existing literature on efficient estimation of causal effect to a wider class of applications. Finally, we discuss estimation of some causal effect functionals such as the treatment effect curve and the average outcome. To evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure, we conduct a small\u2010scale simulation study and find that the proposed estimation has practical value. In an empirical application, we detect a significant causal effect of political advertisements on campaign contributions in the binary treatment model, but not in the continuous treatment model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/qe1494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T09:09:27Z","timestamp":1626167367000},"page":"779-816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A unified framework for efficient estimation of general treatment models"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chunrong","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management and Economics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Linton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiji","family":"Motegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Statistics, Institute of Statistics & Big Data, Renmin University of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"quan200155-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00321","volume":"72","author":"Abadie","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200155-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x","volume":"74","author":"Abadie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200155-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11293","volume":"84","author":"Abadie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"6","key":"quan200155-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00470","volume":"71","author":"Ai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"quan200155-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, C., O. 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