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This paper considers uncertainty over models that impose different identifying assumptions, which can lead to a mix of point\u2010 and set\u2010identified models. We propose performing inference in the presence of such uncertainty by generalizing Bayesian model averaging. The method considers multiple posteriors for the set\u2010identified models and combines them with a single posterior for models that are either point\u2010identified or that impose nondogmatic assumptions. The output is a set of posteriors (<jats:italic>post\u2010averaging ambiguous belief<\/jats:italic>), which can be summarized by reporting the set of posterior means and the associated credible region. We clarify when the prior model probabilities are updated and characterize the asymptotic behavior of the posterior model probabilities. The method provides a formal framework for conducting sensitivity analysis of empirical findings to the choice of identifying assumptions. For example, we find that in a standard monetary model one would need to attach a prior probability greater than 0.28 to the validity of the assumption that prices do not react contemporaneously to a monetary policy shock, in order to obtain a negative response of output to the shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/qe1671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T13:51:47Z","timestamp":1642773107000},"page":"95-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Uncertain identification"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University College London"},{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University College London"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Kyoto University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Volpicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Surrey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"reference":[{"key":"quan200181-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1086\/426036","volume":"113","author":"Altonji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"quan200181-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amir-Ahmadi, P. and H. 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