{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:16:00Z","timestamp":1777407360939,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"The Econometric Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["QE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural quantitative work in international economics typically models trade costs as a log\u2010linear function of exogenous trade\u2010policy variables. We propose a structural approach that allows for a nonparametric relationship and for treating tariff and nontariff trade\u2010policy variables as potentially endogenous. The data reject the assumption of log\u2010linearity of trade costs in both tariff\u2010 and nontariff\u2010policy variables. We assess the effects of a unilateral increase of US tariffs on Chinese imports by 10 percentage points and document that the estimated effects on real bilateral trade\u2010flow changes would be substantially underestimated by standard approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3982\/qe1994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T12:22:43Z","timestamp":1714047763000},"page":"453-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heterogeneous effects of tariff and nontariff trade\u2010policy barriers in quantitative general equilibrium"],"prefix":"10.3982","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Egger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Z\u00fcrich"},{"name":"CEPR"},{"name":"CESifo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICE, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"name":"CESifo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2359","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"quan200321-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150956","volume":"107","author":"Ad\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455214","volume":"93","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12087","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"6","key":"quan200321-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1086\/657949","volume":"118","author":"Arkolakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.94","volume":"102","author":"Arkolakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.1.215","volume":"89","author":"Bagwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0007","series-title":"MIT Press Books","volume-title":"The Economics of the World Trading System","volume":"1","author":"Bagwell","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(03)00079-5","volume":"64","author":"Baier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of international Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2006.02.005","volume":"71","author":"Baier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of international Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2008.09.006","volume":"77","author":"Baier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grs015","volume":"28","author":"Baldwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Economic Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2526631","volume":"31","author":"Bond","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(03)00078-3","volume":"64","author":"Bond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"quan200321-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1996(95)01412-8","volume":"40","author":"Bond","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2011.01388.x","volume":"34","author":"Bown","year":"2011","journal-title":"The World Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2012.12.001","volume":"90","author":"Bown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0017","unstructured":"Breinlich, Holger, Swati Dhingra, Saul Estrin, Hanwei Huang, Gianmarco Ottaviano, Thomas Sampson, John Van Reenen, and Jonathan Wadsworth (2016), \u201cBREXIT 2016\u2014policy analysis from the centre for economic performance.\u201d Technical Report, Centre for Economic Performance."},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caliendo, Lorenzo Robert Feenstra, John Romalis, and Alan Taylor (2015), \u201cTariff reductions, entry, and welfare: Theory and evidence for the last two decades.\u201d CEPR Discussion Papers 10962, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers 2015.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21768"},{"issue":"12","key":"quan200321-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1086\/716560","volume":"129","author":"Caliendo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdu035","volume":"82","author":"Caliendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"quan200321-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161151","volume":"108","author":"Conconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0022","unstructured":"Conte, Maddalena, Pierre Cotterlaz, and Thierry Mayer (2022), \u201cThe CEPII gravity database.\u201d Working Papers 2022-05, CEPII research center."},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costinot, Arnaud and Andres Rodriguez-Clare (2014), \u201cTrade theory with numbers: Quantifying the consequences of globalization.\u201d In Handbook of International Economics, Vol. 4 Elsevier.","DOI":"10.3386\/w18896"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0024","unstructured":"Crowley, Meredith, Huasheng Song, and Ning Meng (2016), \u201cTariff scares: Trade policy uncertainty and foreign market entry by Chinese firms.\u201d Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 1676, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge."},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, Banu and Beata S. Javorcik (2018), \u201cForensics, elasticities and Benford's law: Detecting tax fraud in international trade.\u201d CEPR Discussion Papers 12798.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3338591"},{"issue":"5","key":"quan200321-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00352","volume":"70","author":"Eaton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger, Peter H., and Katharina Erhardt (2024), \u201cSupplement to \u2018Heterogeneous effects of tariff and nontariff trade-policy barriers in quantitative general equilibrium\u2019.\u201d Quantitative Economics Supplemental Material, 15, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/QE1994.","DOI":"10.3982\/QE1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2010.05.002","volume":"55","author":"Egger","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"quan200321-bib-0029","first-page":"113","volume":"3","author":"Egger","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"quan200321-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.4.1531","volume":"123","author":"Estevadeordal","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajgelbaum, Pablo D., Pinelopi K. Goldberg, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Amit K. Khandelwal (2019), \u201cThe return to protectionism.\u201d NBER Working Papers 25638, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25638"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0032","unstructured":"Felbermayr, Gabriel, Rahel Aichele, and Inga Heiland (2016), \u201cGoing deep: The trade and welfare effects of TTIP revised.\u201d ifo Working Paper Series 219, ifo Institute\u2014Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich."},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2012.06.001","volume":"89","author":"Felbermayr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1086\/381476","volume":"112","author":"Fisman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00177","volume":"94","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontagn\u00e9, Lionel, Houssein Guimbard, and Gianluca Orefice (2022), \u201cTariff-based product-level trade elasticities.\u201d Journal of International Economics, 137. (C).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2022.103593"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhj010","volume":"20","author":"Francois","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Bank Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0038","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Statist."},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2012.09.001","volume":"89","author":"Fugazza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"quan200321-bib-0040","first-page":"189","volume":"7","author":"Handley","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"quan200321-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141419","volume":"107","author":"Handley","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0042","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Handbook of International Economics","volume":"4","author":"Head","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.974","volume":"23","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0044","unstructured":"Herin, Jan (1986), \u201cRules of origin and differences between tariff levels in EFTA and in the EC.\u201d Vol. 13, EFTA Occasional Paper."},{"issue":"3","key":"quan200321-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2007.03.003","volume":"52","author":"Hillberry","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/0470090456.ch7","volume":"226164","author":"Hirano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Applied Bayesian modeling and causal inference from incomplete-data perspectives"},{"issue":"11","key":"quan200321-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2010.01273.x","volume":"33","author":"Horn","year":"2010","journal-title":"The World Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"quan200321-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.3.131","volume":"21","author":"Hummels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer"},{"issue":"6","key":"quan200321-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1086\/422562","volume":"112","author":"Hummels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imai, Kosuke and David A.Van Dyk (2004), \u201cCausal inference with general treatment regimes.\u201d Journal of the American Statistical Association, 99 (467).","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001187"},{"issue":"4","key":"quan200321-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00517","volume":"97","author":"Irarrazabal","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2008.07.002","volume":"76","author":"Javorcik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"quan200321-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.4.666","volume":"90","author":"Kee","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0054","unstructured":"Kee, Hiau Looi, Alessandro Nicita, and Marcelo Olarreaga (2016), \u201cTrade frauds, trade easticities and non-tariff measures.\u201d Technical Report, World Bank."},{"issue":"2","key":"quan200321-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2011.01000.x","volume":"175","author":"Kluve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna, Kala, Carlos Salamanca, Yuta Suzuki, and Christian Volpe Martincus (2021), \u201cLearning to use trade agreements.\u201d NBER Working Papers 29319, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3935507"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0057","series-title":"Economics Books","volume-title":"Nonparametric Econometrics: Theory and Practice","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"quan200321-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1086\/659371","volume":"119","author":"Ossa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"12","key":"quan200321-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.12.4104","volume":"104","author":"Ossa","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"quan200321-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131578","volume":"106","author":"Pierce","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"quan200321-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.3.416","volume":"89","author":"Romalis","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"quan200321-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150313","volume":"106","author":"Sequeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"quan200321-bib-0063","unstructured":"WTO (2012), \u201cWorld trade report 2012: Trade and public policies: A closer look at non-tariff measures in the 21st century.\u201d Technical Report, World Trade Organization."}],"container-title":["Quantitative Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3982\/QE1994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T12:25:33Z","timestamp":1714047933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.econometricsociety.org\/doi\/10.3982\/QE1994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3982\/QE1994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/qe1994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-7323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-7323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}