{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:11:49Z","timestamp":1779394309796,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"CLOCKSS Archive","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HETEROCYCLES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"DOI":"10.3987\/rev-07-sr(w)4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]],"date-time":"2009-03-03T04:06:23Z","timestamp":1236053183000},"page":"101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Methodology for the Synthesis of Pyridines and Pyridones: Development and Applications"],"prefix":"10.13030","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"A. Ciufolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"K. Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5187","reference":[{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. (a) N. S. Gill, K. B. James, F. Lions, and K. T. Potts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4923; H. Stobbe and C. Striegler, J. Prakt. Chem., 1912, 86, 241; E. Knoevenagel and R. Weissgerber, Ber., 1893, 26, 436.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01139a055"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Cf. K. Haffner, Tetrahedon Lett., 1994, 35, 1349 (31% yield); R. Paul and S. Tschelitscheff, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1954, 1139; C. H. Heathcock, E. F. Kleinmn, and E. S. Binkley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1054, and refs. cited therein.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)76215-0"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Kametani\u2019s pioneering studies on streptonigrin are especially informative: T. Kametani, A. Kozuka, and S. Tanaka, Yakugaku Zasshi, 1970, 90, 1574; T. Kametani, S. Tanaka, and A. Kozuka, Yakugaku Zasshi, 1971, 91, 1068.","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.91.10_1068"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-4","unstructured":"4. The term \u201ccycloaddition\u201d as used in this paper is only meant to describe the outcome of the reaction of a conjugated carbonyl compound with a vinyl ether, and it should not be construed as implying any particular mechanism for the process."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-5","unstructured":"5. R. I. Longley, W. S. Emerson, and A. J. Blardinelli, Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 311. See especially Note 6 therein."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. S. Danishefsky and M. Bednarski, Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 721.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)80009-5"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-7","unstructured":"7. The major frontier orbital interaction involved in this process occurs between the HOMO of the vinyl ether and the LUMO of the enone. Conjugation of the enecarbonyl system with an aryl group lowers the LUMO energy (EHMO calculations), diminishing the HOMO-LUMO gap and accelerating the reaction."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-8","unstructured":"8. Interestingy, lanthanide complexes are poor catalysts for the analogous reaction of simple aliphatic enones. For an exceptional case see: Y. Chapleur and M.-N. Euvrard, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 884."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-9","unstructured":"9. Ethanol was initially employed as the solvent in this step (see ref. 10), but MeCN was later found to be superior. In many cases, the use of MeCN is essential to achieve an efficient conversion."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. M. A. Ciufolini and N. E. Byrne, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 1230; N. E. Byrne, Dissertation, Rice University, 1991; M. A. Ciufolini, \u2018Advances in Heterocyclic Natural Product Synthesis,\u2019 ed. by W. H. Pearson, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1996; Vol. 3, p. 1. For additional examples of this useful reaction see: J. G. Cordaro, J. K. McCusker, and R. G. Bergman, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1496.","DOI":"10.1039\/b203595b"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. H. Beschke, Aldrichimica Acta, 1978, 11, 13.","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.11.13"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. S. Hoff, L. Brandsma, and J. F. Arens, Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1968, 87, 916.","DOI":"10.1002\/recl.19680870807"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. A. Hosomi, H. Hashimoto, and H. Sakurai, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 2551.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00406a060"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. M. A. Ciufolini and F. Roschangar, Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, 11049.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(97)00365-7"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-15","unstructured":"15. That such failures are due primarily to steric or to electronic problems is borne out of computational investigations (EHMO and MM+ methods)."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-16","unstructured":"16. Leading reviews: Z. Li, Z. Jin, and R. Huang, Synthesis 2001, 2365; E. Gellert, \u2018Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives,\u2019 Vol 5., ed. by S. W. Pelletier, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987, p. 55; M. Suffness and G. A. Cordell, \u2018The Alkaloids,\u2019 Vol. 25, ed. by A. Brossi, Academic Press, Inc, Orlando, 1985, p. 156; R. C. Bick and W. Sinchai, \u2018The Alkaloids,\u2019 Vol 19, ed by R. G. A. Rodrigo, Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 193; T. R. Govindachari and N. Viswanathan, Heterocycles, 1978, 11, 587."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Recent work: L. Wei, Q. Shi, K. F. Bastow, A. Brossi, S. L. Morris-Natschke, K. Nakagawa-Goto, T.-S. Wu, S. L. Pan, C.-M. Teng, and K.-S. Lee, J. Med. Chem., 2007, 50, 3674; C.-W. Yang, T.-H. Chuang, P.-L. Wu, W.-H. Huang, and S.-J. Lee, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 354, 942; L. Wei, A. Brossi, R. Kendall, K. F. Bastow, S. L. Morris-Natschke, Q. Shi, and K.-H. Lee, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2006, 14, 6560.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.06.009"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. W. Gao, W. Lam, S. Zhong, C. Kaczmarek, D. C. Baker, and Y.-C. Cheng, Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 678, as well as ref. 16.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-1904"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. C.-W. Yang, W.-L. Chen, P.-L. Wu, H.-Y. Tseng, and S.-J. Lee, Mol. Pharmacol., 2006, 69, 749, and refs. cited therein.","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.018333"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. This compound was not a known natural product at that time, but it was subsequently isolated from Cynanchum vincetoxicum: D. Strk, A. K. Lykkeberg, J. Christensen, B. A. Budnik, F. Abe, and J. W. Jaroszewski, J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65, 1299.","DOI":"10.1021\/np0106384"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. M. A. Ciufolini and F. Roschangar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 12082.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja962757p"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. D. M. Balitz, J. A. Bush; W. T. Bradner, T. W. Doyle, F. A. O\u2018Herron, and D. E. Nettleton, J. Antibiot., 1982, 35, 259.","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.35.259"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. S. J. Gould and C. C. Chang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 1702; S. J. Gould, C. C. Chang, D. S. Darling, J. D. Roberts, and M. Squillacote, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 1707.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00525a040"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Reviews: G. Bringmann, Y. Reichert, and V. V. Kane, Tetrahedron, 2004, 60, 3539; D. L. Boger, Strategies Tactics Org. Synth., 1989, 2, 1. S. J. Gould and S. M. Weinreb, Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod., 1982, 41, 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2004.02.060"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-25.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(a) inhibition of NO-dependent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase: I. S. Severina, N. V. Pyatakova, A. B. Postnikov, M. N. Preobrazhenskaya, and Y. V. Khropov, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2004, 483, 127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.10.018"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-25.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(b) inhibition of ras farnesylation: W. C. Liu, M. Barbacid, M. Bulgar, J. M. Clark, A. R. Crosswell, L. Dean, T. W. Doyle, P. B. Fernandes, S. Huang, V. Manne, D. M. Pirnik, J. S. Wells, and E. Meyers, J. Antibiot., 1992, 45, 454.","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.45.454"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-25.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(c) inhibition of reverse transcriptase: H. Okada, H. Mukai, Y. Inouye, and S. Nakamura, J. Antibiot., 1986, 39, 306.","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.39.306"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-25.4","unstructured":"(d) induction of topoisomerase II-dependent DNA cleavage: Y. Yamashita, S. Kawada, N. Fujii, and H. Nakano, Cancer Res., 1990, 50, 5841."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Recent work: T. Fryatt, H. I. Pettersson, W. T. Gardipee, S. J. Green, A. M. Z. Slawin, H. D. Beall, and C. J. Moody, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 1667; W. T. McElroy and P. DeShong, Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 6945, and references cited therein.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.01.021"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Leading reviews: E. Delfourne and J. Bastide, Med. Res. Rev. 2003, 23, 234; D. Skyler and C. H. Heathcock, J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1573; Q. Ding, K. Chichak, and J. W. Lown, Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 1; T. F. Molinski, Chem Rev. 1993, 93, 1825.","DOI":"10.1002\/med.10032"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. I. M. McRobbie, O. Meth-Cohn, and H. Suschitzky, J. Chem. Research, 1977, 17; J. M. Lindley, I. M. McRobbie, O. Meth-Cohn, and H. Suschitzsky, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1977, 2194.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)77967-6"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-29","unstructured":"29. We presume that the reaction actually proceeds through a 4-electron electrocyclization of the singlet nitrene, followed by a [1,5]-sigmatropic H shift."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Controversy persists regarding the precise mechanism of such reactions, especially with regard to the spin state of the nitrene: G. Smolinsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1961, 83, 2489; J. S. Swenton, Tetrahedron Lett., 1968, 3421; J. S. Swenton, I. J. Ikeler, and B. H. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 3103; Smith, P. A. S. \u2018Azides and Nitrenes: Reactivity and Utility,\u2019 ed. by E. F. V. Scriven, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1984, Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01472a016"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Thermolysis of 69 also proceeded smoothly; however, the ensuing carboline resisted oxidation of the pyridine C-6 methyl group, arguably due to the presence of the electron-donating N-substituent on the pyridine ring: P. J. Wittek, T. K. Liao, and C. C. Cheng, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 870.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01319a052"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. D. L. Boger, S. R. Duff, J. S. Panek, and M. Yasuda, J. Org. Chem., 1985, 50, 5790.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00350a070"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. M. A. Ciufolini and M. J. Bishop, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 1463.","DOI":"10.1039\/c39930001463"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. M. A. Ciufolini and N. E. Byrne, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 8016.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00021a031"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. M. A. Ciufolini and Y.-C. Shen, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4709.","DOI":"10.1016\/00404-0399(50)08487-"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. M. A. Ciufolini, Y.-C. Shen, and M. J. Bishop, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 12460.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00155a010"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. M. J. Bishop and M. A. Ciufolini, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 10081.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00051a062"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-38","unstructured":"38. Leading references - chemistry: M. E. Wall, and M. C. Wani, \u2018The Alkaloids,\u2019 ed. by G. A. Cordell, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1998; vol 50, ch. 13; Y. Kawato and H. Terasawa, Progr. Med. Chem., 1997, 34, 69, W. Du, Tetrahedron, 2003, 59, 8649. Pharmacology: L. M. Randall-Whitis and B. J. Monk, Exp. Opinion Pharmacother., 2007, 8, 227; Q. Y. Li, Y. G. Zu, R.-Z. Shi, and L. P. Yao, Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13, 2021."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani, C. E. Cook, K. H. Palmer, A. T. McPhail, and G. A. Sim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1966, 88, 3888.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00968a057"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Y. H. Hsiang, R. Herzberg, S. Hecht, and L. F. Liu, J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 14873; P. Philippart, L. Harper, C. Chaboteaux, C. Decaestecker, K. Bronckart, L. Gordover L. Lesueur-Ginot, H. Malonne, O. Lavergne, D. C. H. Bigg, P. M. da Costa, and R. Kiss, R. Clin. Cancer Res., 2000, 6,1557; C. F. Stewart, Cancer Chemother. Biol. Resp. Modif., 2001, 19, 85; B. Arun and E. P. Frenkel, Exp. Opin. Pharmacother., 2001, 2, 491.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38654-4"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Review: M. Kreditor, M. Fink, and H. S. Hochster, Cancer Chemother. Biol. Resp. Modif., 2005, 22, 100. For emerging drugs derived from CPT see: F. Zunino and G. Pratesi, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2004, 13, 269; R. W. Versace, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 2003, 13, 751.","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.13.3.269"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-42","unstructured":"42. Discussion: H. Meislich, \u2018Pyridine and its Derivatives,\u2019 ed. by E. Klingsberg, Interscience, Inc., New York, 1962; Vol. 3, p 509; P. R. Ruby, \u2018Pyridine and its Derivatives,\u2019 ed. by E. Klingsberg, Interscience, Inc., New York, 1960; Vol. 1, p. 99 (see especially p. 286); H. H. Otto and O. Rinus, Arch. Pharm. 1979, 312, 548; G. Jones, \u2018Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry,\u2019 ed. by A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1984; Vol. 2A, p 395."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. R. Jain, F. Roschangar, and M. A. Ciufolini, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 19, 3307.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(95)00615-J"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. L. Carles, K. Narkunan, S. Penlou, L. Rousset, D. Bouchu, and M. A. Ciufolini, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 66, 4304.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo025546d"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. G. Massiot, F. Sousa Oliveira, and J. Levy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1982, 23, 177.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)86779-9"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Additional example of 3-alkylpyridone synthesis by a similar [3+3] construction: A. R. Katritzky, S. A. Belyakov, A. E. Sorochinsky, S. A. Henderson, and J. Chen, J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 6210.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo970561h"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-47","unstructured":"47. The sensitivity of diacylethylenes to the basic conditions of Table 5 mandated such experimental modifications."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-48","unstructured":"48. T. Ohtsuka, H. Shirahama, and T. Matsumoto, Chem. Lett., 1981, 1703."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. G. Stork and A. G. Schultz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 16, 4074.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00745a056"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Ref. 14 as well as: M. A. Ciufolini and F. Roschangar, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 1692; M. A. Ciufolini, and F. Roschangar, \u2018Targets in Heterocyclic Chemistry,\u2019 Vol. 3, ed. by O. A. Attanasi and D. Spinelli, Italian Society of Chemistry, Rome, 2000.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199616921"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. J. M. D. Fortunak, A. R. Mastrocola, M. Mellinger, and J. L. Wood, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 5763.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)78177-9"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-52","unstructured":"52. E.g.: D. P. Curran, M. A. Parniak, and A. Gabarda, PCT Int. Appl. 2003, WO 2003103610."},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. For synthetic activity prior to 2002 see refs. 44 and 56. Recent efforts: W. R. Bowman, M. O. Cloonan, A. J. Fletcher, and T. Stein, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2005, 3, 1460; S. P. Chavan and S. Rasapalli, Tetrahedron Lett., 2004, 45, 3941; G. B. Raolji, S. Gar\u00e7on, A. E. Greene, and A. Kanazawa, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 5059; K. E. Henegar, and T. A. Baughman, J. Heterocycl. Chem., 2003, 40, 601; I. Kato, M. Higashimoto, O. Tamura, and H. Ishibashi, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 7983.","DOI":"10.1039\/b501509j"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. For similar Pd-mediated reactions of 2-chloroquinolines see: M. A. Ciufolini, J. W. Mitchell, and F. Roschangar, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 8281.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(96)01937-5"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Y. Kobayashi, M. Nakano, G. B. Kumar, and K. Kishihara, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 7505.","DOI":"10.1021\/jo980942a"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. J. Hong and D. L. Boger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1218.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja980775w"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. T. Shioiri, T., K. Ninomiya, and S. Yamada, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 6203; K. Ninomiya, T. Shioiri, and S. Yamada, Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 2151.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00772a052"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. S. M. Weinreb, F. Z. Basha, S. Hibino, N. A. Khatri, D. Kim, W. E. Pye, and T.-T. Wu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 536; D. Kim and S. M. Weinreb, J. Org. Chem. , 1978, 43, 125; S. Hibino and S. M. Weinreb, J. Org. Chem., 1977, 42, 232.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00366a028"},{"key":"10.3987\/REV-07-SR(W)4-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. B. K. Chan and M. A. Ciufolini, J. Org. 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