{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:52:32Z","timestamp":1781866352135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE)","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Onl. Eng."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adulterants, such as diethylene glycol in syrups, compromise drug safety globally. This study explores nanosensors (nanoscale electrochemical\/optical devices) for real-time contaminant detection at parts-per-billion levels in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The study uses thematic analysis of secondary literature to compare nanosensor adoption across four contexts: the U.S. (FDA gold nanoparticle pilots), the EU (graphene platforms under the European Medical Association), China (state-backed heavy metal sensors), and India (IIT-developed adulterant detectors). Coding reveals patterns in sensitivity, scalability gaps, and regulatory hurdles, contrasting U.S.\/EU lab-to-market pipelines. The study applies qualitative thematic analysis to peer-reviewed literature published between 2021 and 2026. The findings indicate substantial potential for high detection accuracy using nanosensors, offering a blueprint for resilient global pharma quality control. Management benefits include faster quality alerts, unified compliance dashboards, and cross-border standardization, addressing the EU\u2019s serialization maturity vs. Asia\u2019s fragmented testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v22i06.61529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:12:14Z","timestamp":1781863934000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanosensor Integration for Adulterant Detection"],"prefix":"10.3991","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2901-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Teunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2371","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"72071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] N. G. Paskar, N. V. Pyatigorskaya, E. O. Bakhrushina, S. P. Senchenko, and T. V. Potupchik, \u201cPharmaceutical products quality control: modern methods for determination of ethylene and diethylene glycol impurities,\u201d Problems of Biological Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 34\u201345, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29296\/25877313-2025-06-05","DOI":"10.29296\/25877313-2025-06-05"},{"key":"72072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] B. Y. Arman et al., \u201cRapid screening of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in raw materials and medicinal syrups using low-cost field deployable assays,\u201d Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 39737, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26670-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26670-1"},{"key":"72073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] S. J. Malode, M. Ali Alshehri, and N. P. Shetti, \u201cNanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of pharmaceutical drugs,\u201d Chemosensors, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 234, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/chemosensors12110234","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors12110234"},{"key":"72074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] A. Barhoum et al., \u201cModern designs of electrochemical sensor for accurate drug analysis in pharmaceutical and biological samples: Principles, nanofabrication, and key challenges,\u201d Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 337, p. 130588, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.130588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.130588"},{"key":"72075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] M. Hemdan et al., \u201cRecent advances in nano-enhanced biosensors: Innovations in design, applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety, and emerging research challenges,\u201d Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, vol. 48, p. 100783, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2025.100783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2025.100783"},{"key":"72076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] M. Xu et al., \u201cRecent advances in nanomaterial-based optical biosensors and their biomedical and biopharmaceutical applications,\u201d Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, p. 101349, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101349"},{"key":"72077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] H. S. Naik, P. M. Sah, Z. Z. Ansari, M. V. Vedpathak, P. Goli\u0144ska, A. K. Gade, and R. W. Raut, \u201cAdvances on gold nanoparticle-based biosensors for detection of SARS-CoV-2,\u201d BioNanoScience, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 109, 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12668-025-02331-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-02331-5"},{"key":"72078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] G. Kaur, R. Bhari, and K. Kumar, \u201cNanobiosensors and their role in detection of adulterants and contaminants in food products,\u201d Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547\u2013561, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07388551.2023.2175196","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2023.2175196"},{"key":"72079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] M. I. Hossain, D. K. Yi, and S. Kim, \u201cRecent advances in nanomaterial-based and colorimetric technologies for detecting illicit drugs and environmental toxins,\u201d Applied Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 693, 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app16020693","DOI":"10.3390\/app16020693"},{"key":"72080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] S. Yadav, N. Sehrawat, S. Sharma, M. Sharma, and S. Yadav, \u201cRecent advances and challenges in graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for food safety,\u201d Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 703, p. 115866, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2025.115866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2025.115866"},{"key":"72081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] F. D. Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, D. Monferrer, O. Penon, and P. Rivera-Gil, \u201cRegulatory pathways and guidelines for nanotechnology-enabled health products: a comparative review of EU and US frameworks,\u201d Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 12, p. 1544393, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544393","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544393"},{"key":"72082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] C. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Xue, S. Jiang, C. Chen, Y. Liu, and K. Chen, \u201cAdvances in medical devices using nanomaterials and nanotechnology: Innovation and regulatory science,\u201d Bioactive Materials, vol. 48, pp. 353\u2013369, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.02.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.02.017"},{"key":"72083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] T. Mkhari, J. O. Adeyemi, and O. A. Fawole, \u201cRecent advances in the fabrication of intelligent packaging for food preservation: a review,\u201d Processes, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 539, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr13020539","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13020539"},{"key":"72084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] Y. Han and J. H. Bergmann, \u201cTransforming medical regulations into numbers: Vectorizing a decade of medical device regulatory shifts in the USA, EU, and China,\u201d ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3793533","DOI":"10.1145\/3793533"},{"key":"72085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] A. U. Adoghe, E. Noma-Osaghae, and R. I. Yabkwa, \u201cPhotonic Crystal and its Application as a Biosensor for the Early Detection of Cancerous Cells,\u201d International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijoe.v16i03.12523","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v16i03.12523"},{"key":"72086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] H. Sikandar, A. F. Abbas, N. Khan, and M. I. Qureshi, \u201cDigital Technologies in Healthcare: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis,\u201d International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 8, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijoe.v18i08.31961","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v18i08.31961"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online-journals.org\/index.php\/i-joe\/article\/download\/61529\/17291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online-journals.org\/index.php\/i-joe\/article\/download\/61529\/17291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:12:36Z","timestamp":1781863956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/online-journals.org\/index.php\/i-joe\/article\/view\/61529"}},"subtitle":["Cross-Country Thematic Comparison"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijoe.v22i06.61529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2626-8493"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2626-8493","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]}}}