none 10.3998/mpub.11564671 University of Michigan Library University of Michigan Library 2393 121816561 3840830 2026072210285200000 10.3998 2026-07-22T14:47:21Z 2020-12-02T10:21:31Z 3 Yuanfei Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6336-6331 Vernacular Fiction and Oceans in Late Ming China 2021 9780472132546 9780472902484 University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 10.3998/mpub.11564671 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/8336h409h https://hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.8336h409h https://hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.8336h409h https://muse.jhu.edu/book/85128 Figure 1. The late Ming artist Chen Hongshou’s 陳洪綬 (1598–1652) delineation of the bandit hero Zhang Shun, from his collection ‘The Water Margin’ Playing Titles 水滸葉子 (c.a. 1630). The inscription reads: “White Streak in the Wave Zhang Shun, born in the Xunyang River, died in the Qiantang River” 浪裏白跳張順，生潯陽死錢塘. See Chen Hongshou 陳洪綬, Shuihu yezi 水滸葉子 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin meishu chubanshe, 1979). Chen Hongshou. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.2 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/ng451k550 Figure 2. Chen Hongshou’s portrayal of the Chinese pirate Li Jun. The inscription reads: “River-Stirring Dragon Li Jun, living by the sea, followed by his people” 混江龍李俊，居海濱，有民人. See Chen Hongshou, Shuihu yezi. Chen Hongshou. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.3 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/bv73c250q Figure 3. A Portuguese trading ship in Nagasaki in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Artist: Kano Naizen. Source: Kobe City Museum. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Kano Naizen. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.4 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/wm117r14g Figure 4. Bald-headed Japanese mercenaries, carrying Japanese swords and dressed in Japanese-style robes, in a Siamese army in the seventeenth century. See Charnvit Kasetsiri and Michael Wright, Discovering Ayutthaya (Bangkok: Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Foundation, 2019), 152. Reproduced with permission. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.5 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/12579v54p Figure 5. Illustration of the accidental encounter between Pan Jinlian and Ximen Qing in Jin Ping Mei cihua. When Ximen Qing catches sight of a beautiful young lady, the narrator says, “His anger had drilled straight into the country of Java and his facial expression transformed into a smile.” See Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng 蘭陵笑笑生, Jin Ping Mei cihua (Hong Kong: Xianggang taiping shuju, 1993), vol. 1, 93. Anonymous. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.6 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/bn999898d Figure 6. The country of Java in the Ming daily-used encyclopedia Wuche bajin 五車拔錦 (Beijing: Huaxia chuban she, 1999), 196. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.7 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/vh53wz23d Figure 7. A Persian-looking military general with a moustache, wearing a feathered dome-shaped hat and riding a leopard-spotted horse, in a late Ming illustration of the Java episode in Voyages. The Chinese characters read: “The country of Java stubbornly resists submission. The palace of frogs in the remote region is ignorant of the envoys of the Heavenly Kingdom; how dare they extend their mantis arms to defend—waves of anger mix with sounds of oceanic tides” 僻處蛙宮照夜不知天使節，敢撐螳臂怒濤偏雜海潮聲. Source: Sanbao taijian xiyang ji tongsu yanyi (xinke quanxiang), Taibei: Tianyi chuban she, 1985] Anonymous. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.8 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/v692t833t Figure 8. A chart of hiragana with phonetic annotations in Chinese scripts, from Hou Jigao 候繼高, Zensetsu heisei ko Nihon fudoki 日本風土記 (Kyoto: Kyoto University, 1961), 38. Riben fengtu ji. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.9 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/th83m1878 Figure 9. A waka poem titled “Pine Wind Awakens Me from Sleep,” from Hou Jigao, Zensetsu, 39. Riben fengtu ji. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.10 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/td96k479b Figure 10. A Japanese pirate blowing a sea conch. From Qiu Ying’s Wokou tujuan, stored at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, Tokyo University. Reproduced with permission. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.11 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/np193c54g Figure 11. Japanese portrayed as pirates, in the Ming daily-used encyclopedia Wuche bajin, p. 189. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.12 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/cn69m646h Figure 12. Japanese pirates portrayed in Kangwo tujuan. Image from Harvard University. Reproduced with permission. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.13 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/zw12z7436 Figure 13. Japanese race portrayed in Wokou tujuan. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.14 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/jh343v61v Figure 14. A Japanese image in Cai Ruxian’s Dongyi tushuo. Unknown. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.15 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/gt54kq35k Figure 15. Chinese pirate Wang Zhi’s statue in Nagasaki. Photo taken by Qian Jiang. Qian Jiang. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.16 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/b8515q57w Figure 16. The facade of a household in the fortified city of Taozhu 桃渚, built to defend against piracy raids in the Ming. Photo taken by author. Yuanfei Wang. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.17 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/4m90dx52q Figure 17. The Great Wall by the sea built in the Ming dynasty. Photo taken by Wang Yixian in Linhai 臨海. Wang Yixian. 10.3998/mpub.11564671.cmp.18 https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/file_sets/fx719p84w