{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T15:18:14Z","timestamp":1773847094642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"OpenEdition","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["paleo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>New radiocarbon dates and results of new analyses from Geissenkl\u00f6sterle (Conard and Bolus JHE, 40: 331-71) were recently used to suggest that the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura dates back to 40 ka BP and that this evidence supports the Kulturpumpe model according to which cultural innovations of the Aurignacian and Gravettian in Swabia predate similar developments in the remainder of Europe. Here we conduct a critical analysis of new and old evidence, discuss the relevance of Conard and Bolus\u2019s hypothesis of a \u201cMiddle Paleolithic Dating Anomaly\u201d to explain inconsistencies in the 14C determinations for Geissenkl\u00f6sterle, and conclude that the earliest Aurignacian occupation of this site does not predate ca 36.5 ka BP and probably took place between 35 and 33 ka BP. This interpretation is consistent with what we know about the taphonomy and environmental context of the site, with the technology and typology of the bone and lithic assemblages from its Aurignacian levels, and conforms well to the 14C dates on faunal remains modified by humans found therein. This interpretation is also consistent with the pattern of radiocarbon dates for the Aurignacian as a whole suggesting that the emergence of this technocomplex dates to ca 36.5 ka BP ; that the process appears to our eyes as simultaneous is to be expected in the first place due to the poor resolution of available dating methods. Modern behavior as inferred from the use of objects of personal ornamentation is documented in the Ch\u00e2telperronian and the Initial Upper Paleolithic of the Levant; both predate the Aurignacian chronometrically and stratigraphically. The emergence of the Aurignacian and of modern behavior in Eurasia were considered for a long time as one and the same problem, but it is now clear that these are two independent issues that must be considered separately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4000\/paleo.1231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T09:18:49Z","timestamp":1594027129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Aurignacian \u00abgarden of Eden\u00bb in southern Germany ? An alternative interpretation of the geissenkl\u00f6sterle and a critique of the Kulturpumpe model"],"prefix":"10.4000","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Zilh\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"d\u2019Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2399","reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(02)00276-1"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"BAR-YOSEF O. 1996a - Modern humans, Neandertals and the Middle\/Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Asia. In : Bar-Yosef O., Cavalli-Sforza L.L., March R.J., &amp; Piperno M. (Eds.), The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: Colloquia, XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and ProtohistoricSciences. Forli : Abaco, 1996, p. 175-190."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"BAR-YOSEF O. 1996b - The Middle\/Upper Paleolithic transition: a view from the eastern Mediterranean. In : Carbonell E. &amp; M. Vaquero (Eds.), The last Neandertals, the first anatomicallymodern Humans: cultural changes and human evolution-the crisis at 40 \u00a0ka B.P. \u00a0Tarragona : Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 1996, p. 79-94."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BAR-YOSEF O. 1998 - On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithic Revolution. Cambridge Archeological Journal, 1998, 8(2), p. 141-163.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300001815"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BAR-YOSEF O. 2002 - The Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2002, 31, p. 363-393.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085416"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058375"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091964"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BECK J.W., RICHARDS D.A., EDWARDS R.L., SILVERMAN B.W., SMART P.L., DONAHUE D.L., HERERRA-OSTERHELD S., BURR G.S., CALSOYAS L., JULL A.J.T. and BIDDULPH D. 2001 - Extremely large variations of atmospheric 14C . concentration during the last glacial period. Science, 2001, 292, p. 2453-2458.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056649"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BISCHOFF J. L., LUDWIG K., GARCIA J.F., CARBONELL E., VAQUERO M., STAFFORD T.W. and JULL A.J.T. 1994 - Dating of the Basal Aurignacian Sandwich at Abric Roman\u00ed (Catalunya, Spain) by radiocarbon and uranium-series. Journal of Archeological Science, 1994, 21, p. 541\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1994.1053"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"BON F. 2002 - L'Aurignacien entre Mer et Oc\u00e9an. R\u00e9flexion sur l'unit\u00e9 des phases anciennes de l'Aurignacien dans le sud de la France. Paris, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pr\u00e9historique Fran\u00e7aise, 2002."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"BORDES J.-G. 2002 - Les interstratifications Ch\u00e2telperronien\/Aurignacien du Roc de Combe et du Piage (Lot, France). Analyse taphonomique des industries lithiques: cons\u00e9quences arch\u00e9ologiques. Th\u00e8se de Doctorat, Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux I. Talence : IPGQ, 2002."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"BORDES J.-G. 2003 - Lithic taphonomy of the Ch\u00e2telperronian\/Aurignacian interstratifications in Roc de Combe (and Le Piage (Lot, France). In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of theAurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p.223-244."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"BROGLIO A. and IMPROTA S. 1994-95 - Nuovi dati di cronologia assoluta del Paleolitico superiore e del Mesolitico del Veneto, del Trentino e del Friuli. Atti Istituto Veneto Scienze Lettere Arti, 153, p. 1-45."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CABRERA V. and BISCHOFF J.L. 1989 - Accelerator 14C dates for Early Upper Paleolithic (Basal Aurignacian) at El Castillo Cave (Spain). Journal of Archeological Science, 1989, 16, p. 577-584.","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(89)90023-X"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CABRERA V., MAILLO J. M., LLORET M. and BERNALDO DE QUIROS F. 2001 - La transition vers le Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur dans la grotte du Castillo (Cantabrie, Espagne): la couche 18. L'Anthropologie, 2001, 105, p. 505-532.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-5521(01)80050-9"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(2000)43:31+<61::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(02)00202-6"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"CONARD J. N., DIPPON G. and GOLDBERG P. 2003 - Chronostratigraphy and Archeological Context of the Aurignacian Deposits at Geissenkl\u00f6sterle. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon, Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 165-176."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d'ERRICO F. 2003 - The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioral modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 2003, 12, p. 188-202.","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.10113"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'ERRICO F. and SANCHEZ GO\u00d1I M.-F. 2003 - Neandertal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3. Quaternary Science Review, 2003, 22(8-9), p. 769-788.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(03)00009-X"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'ERRICO F., ZILH\u00c3O J., BAFFIER D., JULIEN M. and PELEGRIN J. 1998 - Neandertal acculturation in Western Europe ? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, p. 1-44.","DOI":"10.1086\/204689"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"D'ERRICO F., JULIEN M., LIOLIOS D., BAFFIER D. and VANHAEREN M. 2003 \u2013 Many awls in our argument. Bone tool manufacture and use from the Chatelperronian and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy sur Cure. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 247-270."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/bspf.2001.12483"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00001663"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"DEMARS P.Y. P.Y. and HUBLIN and HUBLIN J.J. 1989 - La transition N\u00e9andertaliens\/Hommes de type moderne en Europe occidentale : aspects pal\u00e9ontologiques et culturels. In : Otte M. (Ed.), L'Homme de N\u00e9andertal : L'extinction. Li\u00e8ge : ULg, 1989, p. 23-ERAUL 7. (ERAUL 7)"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"DJINDJIAN F. 1993 - Les origines du peuplement Aurignacien en Europe. In : Banesz L. &amp; Kozlowski J.K. J.K. (Eds.), Aurignacien en Europe occidentale et au Proche Orient. Bratislava, Acts of the 12th International Congress of Prehistoric and Protostoric Sciences, 1993, p. 136-154."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(01)00137-8"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"FARIZY C. 1990a - Du Mousterien au Ch\u00e2telperronien \u00e0 Arcy-sur-Cure: un \u00e9tat de la question. In : Farizy C. (Ed.), Pal\u00e9olithique moyen r\u00e9cent et Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur en Europe. Nemours : Mus\u00e9e de Pr\u00e9histoire d'Ile-de-France, 1990, p. 281-290. (M\u00e9moire 3)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FARIZY C. 1990b - The transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France): technological, economic ans social aspects. In : Mellars P. (Ed.), The Emergence of ModernHumans. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1990, p. 302-326.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474470957-013"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FARIZY C. 1994 - Behavioural and cultural changes at the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in western Europe. In : Nitechi M.H. &amp; Nitecki D.D. D.D. (Eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans. New York : Plenum Press, 1994, p. 93-100.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1507-8_4"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"FORTEA J. 1995 - Abrigo de La Vi\u00f1a. Informe y primera valoraci\u00f3n de las campa\u00f1as 1991 a 1994. In : Excavaciones Arqueol\u00f3gicas en Asturias 1991-94. Oviedo : Servicio de Publicaciones de la Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura, Deportes y Juventud, 1995, p. 19-32."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"GIOIA P. 1990 - An aspect of the transition between middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Italy: the Uluzzian. In : Farizy C. (Ed.), Pal\u00e9olithique moyen r\u00e9cent et Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur ancien en Europe. Nemours : Mus\u00e9e de Pr\u00e9histoire de l'Ile de France, 1990, p. 241-250. (M\u00e9moire 3)"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"GONZALEZ ECHEGARAY J.G. 1997 - The concept of \u00abUpper paleolithic hunters\u00bb in Southwestern Europe. In : Clark G.A. &amp; Willermet C.M. C.M. (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human originsresearch. New York : Aldine de Gruyter, 1997, p. 168-176."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"HAESERTS P. and TEYSSANDIER N. 2003 - The Upper Paleolithic occupation of Willendorf (II (lower Austria): a contribution to the chronostratigraphic and cultural context of the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Central Europe. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of theAurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 133-151."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"HAHN J. 1988 - Die Gei\u00dfenkl\u00f6sterle-H\u00f6hle im Achtal bei Blaubeuren I. Fundhorizontbildung undBesiedlung im Mittelpala\u00f6lithikum und im Aurignacien. Stuttgart : Konrad Theiss Verlag, 1988."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"HARROLD F.B. 1989 - Mousterian, Chatelperronian and Early Aurignacian in Western Europe: Contituity or \u00a0Discontinuity ? In : Mellars P. &amp; Stringer C. C. (Eds.), The human revolution: behaviouraland biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Edinbourgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1989, p. 677-713."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"HARROLD F.B. 1992 - Paleolithic archaeology, ancient behaviour, and the transition to modern Homo. In : Br\u00e4uer G. &amp; Smith F.H. F.H. (Eds.), Continuity or replacement. Controversy in Homo sapiens evolution. Rotterdam : Balkema, 1992, p. 219-230."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HENRY-GAMBIER D. 2003 - Les fossiles de Cro-Magnon (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne) : nouvelles donn\u00e9es sur leur position chronologique et leur attribution culturelle. Bulletin et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, 2003, 14(1-89-2), p. 89-112.","DOI":"10.4000\/bmsap.459"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"HOYOS M. and \u00a0LAVILLE H. 1982 - Nuevas aportaciones sobre la estratigraf\u00eda y sedimentolog\u00eda de los dep\u00f3sitos del Paleol\u00edtico Superior de la Cueva de El Pendo (Santander) : Sus implicaciones. Zephyrus, 1982, 34\/35, p. 285\u2013293."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"HUBLIN J.-J. 1990 - Les peuplements pal\u00e9olithiques de l'Europe: un point de vue pal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographique. In : Farizy C. (Ed.), Pal\u00e9olithique Moyen Recent et Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur Ancien en Europe. Nemours : Mus\u00e9e de Pr\u00e9histoire d'Ile de France, 1990, p. 29-37. (M\u00e9moire 3)"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"HUBLIN J.-J. 1999 - Derniers n\u00e9andertaliens et premiers europ\u00e9ens modernes.Pour la Science \u00a0h.s. 22, p. 110-118."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381224a0"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HUGHEN K., LEHMAN S., SOUTHON J., OVERPECK J., MARCHAL O., HERRING C. and TURNBULL J. 2004 - 14C Activity and Global Carbon Cycle Changes over the Past 50,000 Years, Science : 303 : 202-207.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090300"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"J\u00d6RIS O., ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ E. and WENINGER B. 2001 - Radiocarbon evidence of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition on the Iberian peninsula. In : Abstracts to the 14th , IUPPSCongress, Li\u00e8ge, September 8-12. Li\u00e8ge : ULg, 2001, p. 141."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"KOZLOWSKI, J.K. 1993 - L'Aurignacien en Europe et au Proche Orient. In : Banesz L. &amp; Kozlowski J.K. J.K. (Eds.), L'Aurignacien en Europe et au Proche Orient. Bratislava, Acts of the 12th International Congress of Prehistoric and Protostoric Sciences, 1993, p. 283-291."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"KOZLOWSKI, J.K. 1996 - Cultural context of the last Neanderthals and early modern humans in Central-Eastern Europe. In : Bar-Yosef O., Cavalli-Sforza L., March R. &amp; Piperno M. (Eds.), The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Forl\u00ec : Abaco Edizioni, 1996, p. 205-218."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KUHN S., STINER M.C., REESE D. and G\u00dcLE\u00c7 E. 2001 - Ornaments in the Earliest Upper Paleolithic: New Perspectives from the Levant. Proceedings of the National. Academy of SciencesUSA, 2001, 98, p. 7641-7646.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121590798"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"LIOLIOS D. and TEYSSANDIER N. 2003 - Defining the earliest Aurignacian in the Swabian Alb: the relevance of the Gei\u00dfenkl\u00f6sterle (Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany) lithic and organic productions. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 179-196."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203755"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300000251"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MELLARS P. 1992 - Archeology and the population dispersal hypothesis of modern human origins in Europe. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (series B), 1992, 337, p. 225-234.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0100"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"MELLARS P. 1996 - The Neandertal Legacy. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1996."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MELLARS P. 1998a - The fate of the Neandertals. Nature, 1998, 395, p. 539-40.","DOI":"10.1038\/26842"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MELLARS P. 1998b - The impact of climatic changes on the demography of late Neandertal and early anatomically modern populations in Europe. In : Akazawa T., Aoki K. &amp; Bar-Yosef O. O. (Eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York : Plenum Press, 1998, p. 493-507.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47153-1_32"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"MONTES BARQUIN R. and SANGUINO GONZALEZ J. (Eds.) 2001 - La cueva de El Pendo : actuaciones arqueol\u00f3gicas 1994-2000. Santander : Consejer\u00eda de Cultura, Turismo y Deporte del Gobierno de Cantabria. Muriedas : Ayuntamiento de Camargo, 2001. (Monograf\u00edas Arqueol\u00f3gicas de Cantabria)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00dcNZEL S. 1997 - Seasonal Activities of Human and Non-human Inhabitants of the Geissenkl\u00f6sterle-Cave near Blaubeuren, Alb-Danube District. Anthropozoologica, 1997, 25\/26, p. 355-361.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021986425304"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"M\u00dcNZEL S. 1999 - DFG-1999 -Abschlussbericht zur Gro\u00dfs\u00e4ugerfauna aus dem Geissenkl\u00f6sterle.: Institut f\u00fcr Urgeschichte. T\u00fcbingen : Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 1999 (unpublished manuscript)."},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"M\u00dcNZEL S. 2001 - Seasonal hunting of mammouth in the Ach-Valley of the Swabian Jura. In : Cavarretta G., Gioia P., Mussi M. &amp; Palombo M.R. M.R. (Eds.), The World of Elephants. Rome : CNR, 2001, p. 318-322."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref58.1","unstructured":"M\u00dcNZEL S. 2002 - Cave bear hunting on the Swabian Alb (Germany), 30.000 years ago. In : Rosendahl W., Morgan M. &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref58.2","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Correa M. M. (Eds.), Cave Bear Researches. M\u00fcnchen : Verband der deutschen H\u00f6hlen- und Karstforscher, 2002, p. 36-34(Abhandlung zur Karst- und H\u00f6hlenkunde, 34)"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"M\u00dcNZEL S., LANGGUTH, F., CONARD, N. and UERPMANN, H. 2001 - H\u00f6hlenb\u00e4renjagd auf der Schw\u00e4bischen Alb vor 30.000 Jahren. Archeologischen Korrespondenzblatt, 2001, 31, p. 317-328."},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"NIVEN L. 2003 - Patterns of subsistence and settlement during the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura, Germany. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. and d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of theTransitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 199-211."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"NORMAND CH., and TURQ A. in press \u2013 L'Aurignacien de la grotte d'Isturitz (France) : la production lamellaire dans la s\u00e9quence de la salle Saint-Martin. In : LE BRUN-RICALENS F. (Ed.). Actes du symposium Productions lamellaires attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 l'Aurignacien : cha\u00eenes op\u00e9ratoires et perspectives techno-culturelles. XIV\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s de l'UISPP, Li\u00e8ge, 2-8 septembre 2001."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OTTE M. 1990 - From the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic : The nature of the transition. In : Mellars P.A. (Ed.), The emergence of modern humans. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1990, p. 438\u00ad456.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474470957-018"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref63.1","unstructured":"OTTE M. 1996 - Le bouleversement de l'humanit\u00e9 en Eurasie vers 40.000 ans. In : Carbonell E. &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref63.2","unstructured":"Vaquero M. (Eds.), The last Neandertals, the first anatomically modern humans: a tale about thehuman diversity. Tarragona : Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 1996, p. 95-106."},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"OTTE M. and KOZLOWSKI J.K. 2003 - Constitution of the Aurignacian through Eurasia. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 19-27."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RICHTER D., WAIBLINGER J., RINK W.J. and WAGNER G.A. 2000 - Thermoluminescence, Electron Spin Resonance and 14 C dating of the Late Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic Site Gei\u00dfenkl\u00f6sterle Cave in southern Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2000, 27, p. 71-89.","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0458"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"RICHTER J. 1996 - \u201cOut of Africa II\u201d. Die Theorie \u00fcber die Einwanderung des modernen Menschen nach Europa auf dem arch\u00e4ologischen Pr\u00fcfstand. Arch\u00e4ologische Informationen, 1996, 19(1-2), p. 67-73."},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"RICHTER J. 2002 - Die 14 C Daten aus der Sesselfelsgrotte und die Zeitstellung des Micoquien\/M.M.O. Germania, 80(1), p. 1-22."},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"RIGAUD J.-Ph. 1998 \u2013 Late Neandertals in the South West of France and the emergence of the Upper Palaeolithic. In : STRINGER C.B., BARTON R.N.E. and FINLAYSON J.C. J.C. (Eds.), Neanderthals onthe Edge. Oxford : Oxbow, 1998, p. 27-31."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192464099"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SMITH F.H., TRINKAUS E., PETTITT P.B., KARAVANIC I. and PAUNOVIC M. 1999 - Direct radiocarbon dates for Vindija G1 and Velika Pecina Late Pleistocene hominid remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1999, 96, p. 12281-12286.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12281"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1057"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"STRINGER C. and \u00a0GAMBLE C. 1993 - In Search of the Neandertals. London : Thames and Hudson, 1993."},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"STRINGER C. and MCKIE R. 1996 - African Exodus: the origin of modern humanity. London : Jonathan Cape, 1996."},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"SVOBODA J. 2003 - The Bohunician and the Aurignacian. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 123-131."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SVOBODA J., VAN DER DER PLICHT PLICHT J. and KUZELKA V. 2002 - Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic human fossils from Moravia and Bohemia (Czech Republic): some new 14 C dates. Antiquity, 2002, 76, p. 957\u201362.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00091754"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"TABORIN Y. 1998 - Comment to d', ERRICO F., ZILH\u00c3O J., JULIEN M., BAFFIER D. and PELEGRIN J. (1998). Neandertal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical \u00a0review \u00a0of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, p. 28-29."},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"TERBERGER T. and STREET M. 2003 - New evidence for the Chronology of the Aurignacian and the question of pleniglacial settlement in Western Central Europe. In : Zilh\u00e3o J. &amp; d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 213-211."},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"TEYSSANDIER N., BOLUS M. and CONARD N.J. 2002 - Les d\u00e9buts de l'Aurignacien \u00e0 Gei\u00dfenkl\u00f6sterle (Allemagne): apport des donn\u00e9es taphonomiques et techno-\u00e9conomiques et leur signification dans le contexte centre-europ\u00e9en. Communication pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 la conf\u00e9rence \u201cTowards a Definition of the Aurignacian\u201d. Lisbon : 25-30 Juin 2002. R\u00e9sum\u00e9s, p. 12."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1380203800001860"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2035108100"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"TURQ A. n.d. - Isturitz. Rapport de fouilles 1998. Bordeaux, Service R\u00e9gional de l'Arch\u00e9ologie, n.d."},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"UTHMEIER T. 1996 - Ein bemerkenswert fr\u00fches Inventar des Aurignacien von der Freilandfundstelle \u201cKeilberg-Kirche\u201d bei Regensburg. Arch\u00e4ologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 1996, 26, p. 233-248."},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"VANDERMEERSCH B. 1997 - The Near East and Europe. Continuity or discontinuity ? In : Clark G.A.and Willermet C.M. C.M. (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human origins research. New York : Aldine de Gruyter, 1997, p. 107-116."},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"WENINGER B. and J\u00d6RIS O. 2003 - The Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration &amp; Paleoclimate Research Package."},{"key":"ref85","unstructured":"WHITE R. 1992 - A social and technological view of Aurignacian and Castelperronian personal ornaments in France. In : Cabrera Vald\u00e9s V. (Ed.), El Origen del Hombre Moderno en el Suroeste deEuropa. Madrid : Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, 1992, p. 327-357."},{"key":"ref86","unstructured":"ZILH\u00c3O J. 1997 - O Paleol\u00edtico Superior da Estremadura portuguesa. Lisbon : Colibri, 1997."},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"ZILH\u00c3O J. 2000 - The Ebro frontier: A model for the late extinction of Iberian Neandertals. In : Stringer C.B., Barton R.N.E. &amp; Finlayson J.C. J.C. (Eds.), Neandertals on the Edge. Oxford : Oxbow Books, 2000, p. 111-121."},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"ZILH\u00c3O J. 2001 - Anatomically Archaic, Behaviorally Modern : The Last Neandertals and TheirDestiny. Amsterdam : Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistorie, 2001."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022348410845"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1380203800002592"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"ZILH\u00c3O J. and D'ERRICO F. 2003 - The chronology of the Aurignacian and Transitional technocomplexes. Where do we stand ? In : Zilh\u00e3o J. and d'Errico F. (Eds), The Chronology of theAurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Lisbon : Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Arqueologia, 2003, p. 313-349."}],"container-title":["Pal\u00e9o"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:56:17Z","timestamp":1773827777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/paleo\/1231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"references-count":94,"issue-title":["Varia"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/paleo.1231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1145-3370","2101-0420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1145-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"2101-0420","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}}}