{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:10:18Z","timestamp":1781107818627,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>In this paper, the authors present a novel Gabor wavelet based Kernel Entropy Component Analysis (KECA) method by integrating the Gabor wavelet transformation (GWT) of facial images with the KECA method for enhanced face recognition performance. Firstly, from the Gabor wavelet transformed images the most important discriminative desirable facial features characterized by spatial frequency, spatial locality and orientation selectivity to cope with the variations due to illumination and facial expression changes were derived. After that KECA, relating to the Renyi entropy is extended to include cosine kernel function. The KECA with the cosine kernels is then applied on the extracted most important discriminating feature vectors of facial images to obtain only those real kernel ECA eigenvectors that are associated with eigenvalues having positive entropy contribution. Finally, these real KECA features are used for image classification using the L1, L2 distance measures; the Mahalanobis distance measure and the cosine similarity measure. The feasibility of the Gabor based KECA method with the cosine kernel has been successfully tested on both frontal and pose-angled face recognition, using datasets from the ORL, FRAV2D, and the FERET database.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijcvip.2012070101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T11:19:52Z","timestamp":1360149592000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Face Recognition using Gabor Based Kernel Entropy Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Arindam","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debotosh","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipak Kumar","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mita","family":"Nasipuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahantapas","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00120-0"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.923723"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-2","first-page":"342","article-title":"Kernel methods for deep learning.","volume":"22","author":"Y.Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(80)90065-6"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-4","unstructured":"Der, A. K. (2010). Stability of the Mahalanobis distance (Tech. Rep. No. CS-RR-10-20). Oxford, UK: Computing Science Group, Oxford University."},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-5","unstructured":"Du, G., Gong, L., & Su, F. (2009). An effective Gabor-feature selection method for face recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (pp. 722-725)."},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.682176"},{"issue":"26","key":"ijcvip.2012070101-7","first-page":"429","article-title":"Theory of communication. Part 1: The analysis of information. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers-Part III","volume":"93","author":"D.Gabor","year":"1946","journal-title":"Radio and Communication Engineering"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heo, G., Gader, P., & Frigui, H. (2009, June 14-19). Robust kernel PCA using fuzzy membership. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Atlanta, GA (pp. 2154-2161).","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5178888"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071325"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/S1110865704312187"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(03)00340-3"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.100"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2008.03.017"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1904-8","author":"I. T.Jolliffe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Principal component analysis"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.837781"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.541406"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.03.018"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, S. C., Lei, Z., Zhu, X. X., Sun, Z. N., Li, S. Z., & Tan, T. (2006). Face recognition using ordinal features. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Biometrics (pp. 40-46).","DOI":"10.1007\/11608288_6"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1273927"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2002.999679"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.817413"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-22","unstructured":"MacQueen, J. (1967). Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In Proceedings of the Berkeley Symposium on Math Statistics and Probability (pp. 281-297)."},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-23","unstructured":"MathWorld. (1999). Renyi entropy. Retrieved from http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/RenyiEntropy.html"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-24","first-page":"536","article-title":"Kernel PCA and denoising in feature space.","volume":"11","author":"S.Mika","year":"1999","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-25","first-page":"849","article-title":"On spectral clustering: Analysis and an algorithm.","volume":"14","author":"A. Y.Ng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, J., & Sun, Z. (2011). Feature extraction using gabor feature-based IFDA. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Systems (pp. 174-176).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIP.2011.6008225"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niese, R., Al-Hamadi, A., Aziz, F., & Michaelis, B. (2008). Robust facial expression recognition based on 3-d supported feature extraction and SVM classification. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (pp. 1-7).","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813427"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-28","unstructured":"NIST. (2004). The face recognition technology (FERET) face database. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/iad\/humanid\/feret"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.14"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177704472"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.879790"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyati, W., & Walairacht, A. (2008). Efficiency improvement for unconstrained face recognition by weightening probability values of modular PCA and wavelet PCA. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (Vol. 2).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2008.4494037"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-34","first-page":"565","article-title":"On measures of entropy and information","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"A.Renyi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Selected papers of Alfred Renyi"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-35","author":"B.Sch\u00f6lkopf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Learning with kernels: Support vector machines, regularization, optimization and beyond"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017467"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-37","first-page":"44","article-title":"Nonlinear principal component analysis: Neural network models and applications","author":"M.Scholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Principal manifolds for data visualization and dimension reduction"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2157166"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-39","unstructured":"Smith, L. I. (2002). A tutorial on principal component analysis. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cs.otago.ac.nz\/cosc453\/student_tutorials\/principal_components.pdf"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2008.923047"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.71"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012485807823"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-43","first-page":"355","article-title":"Face recognition by elastic graph matching","author":"L.Wiskott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intelligent biometric techniques in fingerprint and face recognition"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-44","unstructured":"Wolfram Mathematica. (2012). Distance and similarity measures. Retrieved from http:\/\/reference.wolfram.com\/mathematica\/guide\/DistanceAndSimilarityMeasures.html"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.877435"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijcvip.2012070101-46","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Constructing PCA baseline algorithms to reevaluate ICA-based face-recognition performance. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"37","author":"J.Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Part B"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M. H., Ahuja, N., & Kriegman, D. (2000, September). Face recognition using kernel eigenfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (pp. 37-40).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2000.900886"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-48","first-page":"591","article-title":"Enhanced fisherface for face recognition.","volume":"2","author":"B.Yin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Information and Computing Science"},{"key":"ijcvip.2012070101-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2004.01.012"},{"issue":"9","key":"ijcvip.2012070101-50","article-title":"Face recognition: Eigenface elastic matching and neural nets.","volume":"85","author":"J.Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=74797","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T16:08:50Z","timestamp":1745942930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijcvip.2012070101"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijcvip.2012070101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2155-6997","2155-6989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2155-6997","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-6989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]}}}