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To enable scaling, such photographs are taken with forensic rulers in the frame so that image pixel distances can be converted to standard measurement units (metric or imperial). In forensic bureaus, this is commonly achieved by manual selection of two or more points on the ruler within the image, and entering the units of the measure distance. The process can be laborious and inaccurate, especially when the ruler graduations are indistinct because of poor contrast, noise or insufficient resolution. Here the authors present a fully automated method for detecting and estimating the direction and graduation spacing of rulers in forensic photographs. The method detects the location of the ruler in the image and then uses spectral analysis to estimate the direction and wavelength of the ruler graduations. The authors detail the steps of the algorithm and demonstrate the accuracy of the estimation on both a calibrated set of test images and a wide collection of good and poor quality crime-scene images. The method is shown to be fast and accurate and has wider application in other imaging disciplines, such as radiography, archaeology and surveying.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijdcf.2014010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T12:11:45Z","timestamp":1404994305000},"page":"9-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ruler Detection for Autoscaling Forensic Images"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abhir","family":"Bhalerao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattern Analytics Research Ltd, Solihull, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijdcf.2014010102-0","unstructured":"Baba, T., Ueda, K., & Nakagawa, Y. (2005). 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