{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:15:06Z","timestamp":1759961706122},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>This paper reports a classroom study in which group learners brainstormed ideas in virtual group space and justified their ideas through articulating their rationales in the shared rationale space. The investigation focused on the learners' practices of articulating and sharing rationales. The results suggest that group members would brainstorm the ideas and generate rationales to justify the ideas before reading the others' ideas and rationales. Also, the members in general brainstormed all the ideas first and then elaborated the rationales to justify the ideas; and grouped the shared rationales according to their authors. The group members' reasoning styles were examined by using Rhetorical Structure Theory to analyze the shared rationales. It was found that similar reasoning styles existed across the groups. Additionally, the group context seemed to have affected the members' strategies of using contextual and additional information to justify their ideas. Several design implications are presented to support the practices of articulating and sharing rationales in virtual group workspace. The authors also articulate how their work contributes to other research areas such as project management, crowdsourcing, and online deliberation. Based on their study, the authors argue for a rationale-based knowledge management approach to complex collective activities in the online environment.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijec.2015100102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T22:48:06Z","timestamp":1435790886000},"page":"11-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Shared Practices in Articulating and Sharing Rationale"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijec.2015100102-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bain, J. D., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Mills, C. (1999). Using journal writing to enhance student teachers\u2019 reflectivity during field experience placements. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 5(1), 51-73.","DOI":"10.1080\/1354060990050104"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2181101.2181122"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.610840"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borge, M., & Carroll, J. M. (2014). Verbal Equity, Cognitive Specialization, and Performance. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 215-225.","DOI":"10.1145\/2660398.2660418"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145369"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jec.2012100101"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-6","first-page":"611","article-title":"Reasoning with design rationale","author":"J.Burge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Design\u201900"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2009.04.004"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562905284962"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-9","first-page":"293","article-title":"A process-oriented approach to design rationale","author":"J.Conklin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Design rationale: concepts, techniques, and use"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2011.12.002"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063231.2063236"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.05.018"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1991.184189"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-14","first-page":"142","article-title":"Collaboration load","author":"P.Dillenbourg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handling complexity in learning environments: Research and theory"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0049218"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-16","author":"W. G.Dyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Team building: Current issues and new alternatives"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.04.004"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-18","unstructured":"Engelmann, T., & Tergan, S. O. (2007). Knowledge and information awareness\u201d for enhancing computer-supported collaborative problem solving by spatially distributed group members. In Proceedings of EuroCogSci (pp. 71-76)."},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1403_3"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1952222.1952269"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964696.964699"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiger, R. S., & Ford, H. (2011, October). Participation in Wikipedia's article deletion processes. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (pp. 201-202). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2038558.2038593"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-23","article-title":"Accommodation theory: Optimal levels of convergence","author":"H.Giles","year":"1979","journal-title":"Language and social psychology"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-24","author":"J.Greeno","year":"1978","journal-title":"Associative learning: A cognitive analysis"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijec.2014040104"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.008"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328023top1701_8"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(00)00045-X"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-006-9008-z"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(97)80441-0"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kember, D., Jones, A., Loke, A., McKay, J., Sinclair, K., Tse, H., ... & Yeung, E. (1996). Encouraging critical reflection through small group discussion of journal writing. Innovations in education and training international, 33(4), 213-220.","DOI":"10.1080\/1355800960330408"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSC.2015.7050842"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820903210782"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-34","author":"Y.Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cultivating reflective thinking: The effects of a reflective thinking tool on learners\u2019 learning performance and meta-cognitive awareness in the context of on-line learning"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441923"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jec.2013070101"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-009-9112-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijec.2015100102-38","first-page":"179","article-title":"Using Mobile Learning to Improve the Reflection: A Case Study of Traffic Violation.","volume":"15","author":"Y. F.Lan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02299633"},{"issue":"13","key":"ijec.2015100102-41","first-page":"175","article-title":"Promoting reflective interactions in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment.","author":"K.Lund","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-42","unstructured":"Mann, W., & Taboda, M. (2012). Rhetorical Structure Theory Website. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/rst"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-43","author":"J.Mason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qualitative researching"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109493104323024410"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1995.11518094","article-title":"The effects of distributed group support and process structuring on software requirements development teams: Results on creativity and quality.","author":"R.Ocker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijec.2015100102-46","first-page":"219","article-title":"Knowledge awareness: Bridging learners in a collaborative learning environment.","volume":"4","author":"H.Ogata","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Telecommunications"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijec.2015100102-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4018\/jec.2013010102","article-title":"Investigating Influences Among Individuals and Groups in a Collaborative Learning Setting.","volume":"9","author":"K. A.Papanikolaou","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of e-Collaboration"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.10.011"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.06.024"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0203_1"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-51","author":"H. J.Rubin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2009.031105"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijec.2015100102-53","first-page":"85","article-title":"An integrated model of collaborative knowledge building.","volume":"3","author":"G.Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1167253.1167319"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-55","unstructured":"Stahl, G. (2000). A model of collaborative knowledge-building. In Fourth international conference of the learning sciences (Vol. 10, pp. 70-77)."},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3372.001.0001","author":"G.Stahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group cognition: Computer support for building collaborative knowledge"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijec.2015100102-57","article-title":"Measuring Deliberation\u2019s Content: A coding scheme.","volume":"3","author":"J.Stromer-Galley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Public Deliberation"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22795"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-59","author":"L. H.Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Communication accommodation theory. Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijec.2015100102-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.17011\/ht\/urn.20105241910","article-title":"Does design rationale enhance creativity?","volume":"6","author":"J.Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803932"},{"issue":"3","key":"ijec.2015100102-62","first-page":"243","article-title":"Rhetorical structure theory: Towards a functional theory of text organization.","volume":"8","author":"M.William","year":"1988","journal-title":"Text"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2011.160"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2011.28"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS111128019X"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.07.042"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-67","unstructured":"Xiao, L. (2013b) Do Members Converge to Similar Reasoning Styles in Teamwork? A Study of Shared Rationales in Small Team Activities, In Proceedings of 2013 iConference (Feb. 12 \u2013 15th, 2013, Fort Worth, USA), 524 \u2013 530, retrieved on Feb. 12th, 2015: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2142\/39618"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23079"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23004"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-70","unstructured":"Xiao, L., & Askin, N. (2015). Rationale Sharing in Large-Scale Online Deliberations, in Proceedings of iConference (Mar. 24-27, Newport Beach, CA, USA), to appear"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jec.2013040104"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2008.280"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-73","unstructured":"Xiao, L., & Khazaei, T. (2014). ProjectTales: Reusing Change Decisions and Rationales in Project Management, In Proceedings of 2014 iConference (Feb. 12 \u2013 15th, 2014, Berlin, Germany), 895 \u2013 900, retrieved on Feb. 12th, 2015: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2142\/39618"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.203"},{"key":"ijec.2015100102-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-006-8994-9"}],"container-title":["International Journal of e-Collaboration"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=132844","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T22:08:26Z","timestamp":1654121306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijec.2015100102"}},"subtitle":["An Empirical Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijec.2015100102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-3673","1548-3681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-3673","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-3681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}}}