{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:22:46Z","timestamp":1758633766108},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the conformance levels of government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and examine which macro factors influenced the accessibility these websites. The findings indicated that the majority of government websites in SSA still had a long way to go to become accessible based on the WCAG 2.0 standards. None of the 217 government websites examined adhered to all the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Cross country analysis showed that there are three macro factors influencing e-government accessibility in SSA, namely Human Development Index (HDI), Corruption Perception Index (CPI), and percentage of the active population (15-64 years). Countries with high HDI levels and low CPI levels tend to have websites with fewer accessibility errors, while those for countries with high percentage of the active population have more accessibility errors.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijegr.2017010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T14:34:36Z","timestamp":1492526076000},"page":"52-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Determining the Accessibility of e-Government Websites in Sub-Saharan Africa Against WCAG 2.0 Standard"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Silas Formunyuy","family":"Verkijika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Lizette","family":"De Wet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-0","unstructured":"W3C. (2008). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-1","unstructured":"W3C (2010). Accessibility \u2014 W3C. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.w3.org\/standards\/webdesign\/accessibility"},{"issue":"3","key":"IJEGR.2017010104-2","first-page":"99","article-title":"E-Government Website Accessibility: In-Depth Evaluation of Saudi Arabia and Oman. The Electronic","volume":"3","author":"A.Abanumy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of E-Government"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/jait.7.1.49-53"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-4","unstructured":"Akgul, Y. (2015). Web Content Accessibility of Municipal Websites in Turkey. In C. Addams (Ed). Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on eGovernment ECEG \u201815 (pp. 1- 8). University of Portsmouth, UK."},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5171\/2013"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2015.10.005"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-7","unstructured":"Arbour, L. (2007). Record number of countries sign UN treaty on disabilities on opening day. UN.org. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/apps\/news\/story.asp?NewsID=22085&Cr=disab&Cr1"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840710839798"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2012.68"},{"issue":"7","key":"IJEGR.2017010104-10","first-page":"22","article-title":"Result-Oriented Approach for Websites Accessibility Evaluation: Approach tested for three Dutch government websites.","volume":"12","author":"M.Butt","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.23962\/10539\/19712","article-title":"E-Government lessons from South Africa 2001- 2011: Institutions, state of progress and measurement.","volume":"12","author":"F.Cloete","year":"2012","journal-title":"The African Journal of Information and Communication"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-0324-0.ch016"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40483-2_23"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849770026","author":"S.Deneulin","year":"2009","journal-title":"An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedomand Agency"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/EG.2013.058785"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.12.005"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-17","author":"K. A.Eliassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Understanding Public Management"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaul\u0117, E., & \u017dilinskas, G. (2013). E-Governance Development Factors In Lithuania: The Study Of Municipal Websites. Vie\u0161oji politika ir administravimas, 12(1), 80-93.","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.ppaa.12.1.3854"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-282-4.ch021"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000675"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2013.10.013"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4301\/S1807-17752012000100001"},{"issue":"2","key":"IJEGR.2017010104-23","first-page":"166","article-title":"Determinants of eGovernment Maturity in the Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe. Electronic","volume":"9","author":"P.Ifinedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of E-Government"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2006.03.002"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/PMR1530-9576380106"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11115-013-0223-1"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14445\/22312803\/IJCTT-V15P123"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-28","unstructured":"Kuzma, J., Dorothy, Y., & Oestreicher, K. (2009). Global e-government Web Accessibility: An Empirical Examination of EU, Asian and African Sites. Retrieved from https:\/\/eprints.worc.ac.uk\/591\/1\/Global_e-government_Web_Accessibility.pdf"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2009.10.004"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-30","unstructured":"Latif, M., & Masrek, M. (2010). Accessibility Evaluation on Malaysian E-Government Websites. Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices."},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-31","author":"J.Lazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ensuring Digital Accessibility through Process and Policy"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-32","first-page":"12","article-title":"Accessibility Issues in E-Government.","volume":"8650","author":"E.Leist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10178-1_2"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-34","first-page":"4","article-title":"Accessibility of e-Government websites: case of Malawi.","author":"F.Makoza","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on World Wide Web Applications,"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2011.02.002"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-0237(03)00053-4"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jegr.2011070105"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-38","first-page":"250","article-title":"Supporting Accessibility in Higher Education Information Systems. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction.","volume":"8011","author":"A.Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applications and Services for Quality of Life"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2008.01.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"IJEGR.2017010104-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439308316404","article-title":"Using e-government to reinforce government-citizen relationships: Comparing government reform in the United States and China.","volume":"27","author":"J. W.Seifert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2006.05.004"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-130319"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-43","first-page":"270","article-title":"An accessibility study of Chinese local government websites.","author":"Z.Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. International Conference on Networking and Digital Society"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-44","unstructured":"Transparency International. (2015). Corruption Perception Index, 2015. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.transparency.org\/cpi2015"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-45","unstructured":"UNDP. (2015). Human Development Report 2015. Retrieved from: http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2015_human_development_report.pdf"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-46","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2015). Making Rwandese educational portals accessible to people with disabilities. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/communication-and-information\/resources\/news-and-in-focus-articles\/all-news\/news\/making_rwandese_educational_portals_accessible_to_people_with_disabilities\/"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-47","unstructured":"United Nations. (2016). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-48","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tackling corruption, transforming lives: Accelerating human development in Asia and the Pacific"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-49","unstructured":"United States Access Board. (n. d.). Comparison Table of WCAG 2.0 to Existing 508 Standards. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.access-board.gov\/guidelines-and-standards\/communications-and-it\/about-the-ict-refresh\/background\/comparison-table-of-wcag2-to-existing-508-standards"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100902903291"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-51","unstructured":"West, D. M. (2008). State and federal electronic government in the United States, 2008. The Brookings Institution Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/~\/media\/Files\/rc\/reports\/2008\/0826_egovernment_west\/0826_egovernment_west.pdf"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61692-018-0.ch002"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-53","unstructured":"World Bank. (2015). Population, ages 15-64 (% of total). Retrieved from http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.1564.TO.ZS"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-54","unstructured":"World Bank. (2016). Disability: Overview. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/disability\/overview"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-55","unstructured":"World Bank. (2016). GNI per capita ranking, Atlas method and PPP based. Retrieved from http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/data-catalog\/GNI-per-capita-Atlas-and-PPP-table"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). World Report on Disability. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/report.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-57","article-title":"E-government in U.S Local government: Disparities, Obstacles and Development Strategies","author":"H.Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"E-Government and Websites: A Public Solutions Handbook"},{"issue":"1","key":"IJEGR.2017010104-58","first-page":"25","article-title":"User Experience and Accessibility: An Analysis of County Web Portals.","volume":"9","author":"M. E.Youngblood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Usability Studies"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2014.02.007"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S0065-283020150000040018"},{"key":"IJEGR.2017010104-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2011.12.010"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Electronic Government Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=181281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T23:51:19Z","timestamp":1651881079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/IJEGR.2017010104"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijegr.2017010104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-3886","1548-3894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-3886","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-3894","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}