{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:25:12Z","timestamp":1781108712236,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>How do candidates for municipal office use the Internet in their campaigns, and are there differences between candidates according to the character of the constituencies and the races? This is the first a country-wide study of website usage in low-visibility political campaigns for municipal offices. Data were collected during municipal elections campaigns that took place in Israel in three cycles between November 2007 and February 2009, in 143 different municipalities and involving almost 500 candidates across Israel. 1The paper explores the characteristics of municipal campaigning, including the scope of website usage, the features available in candidates' websites, variables predicting website usage, and the perceptions of candidates regarding websites' effectiveness. While Websites were used by half of the candidates, they tended to be static and include very few interactive features. The characteristics of the constituencies and the races were correlated with the scope of Website usage by contenders.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijep.2014070102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T09:17:57Z","timestamp":1414660677000},"page":"16-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Campaigning Online, Locally"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Azi","family":"Lev-On","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijep.2014070102-0","unstructured":"Atmor, N., & Siani, A. (2011). Party websites in the 2009 elections: A comparative view. In Lev-On, A. & Cohen, E. (Eds.), Connected: Politics, Technology and Society in Israel, pp. 177-210. Tel-Aviv: The Israeli Political Science Association Press. 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Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13439000410001687779"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J399v02n03_05"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00344890802710888"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089443930001800306"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-10","unstructured":"Haleva-Amir, S. (2011). Present-absentees: MK's usage of personal Internet tools. In Lev-On, A., & Cohen, E. (Eds.), Connected: Politics, Technology and Society in Israel, pp. 211-261. Tel-Aviv: The Israeli Political Science Association Press. (Hebrew)."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-11","author":"P. S.Herrnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912906298527"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-13","author":"P. N.Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-14","first-page":"81","article-title":"Political campaigning on the Internet: Business as usual?","author":"E. C.Kamarck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Governance.com? Democracy in the Information Age"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-15","first-page":"121","article-title":"Stereotypical perceptions of various labels of Israeli-Arabs as functions of age and religiosity.","volume":"1-2","author":"M.Kaminski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Iyunim Bechinuch"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lev-On, A. (2011). Campaigning online: Use of the Internet by parties, candidates and voters in national and local election campaigns in Israel. Policy and Internet, 3(1), article 6. Online: http:\/\/www.psocommons.org\/policyandinternet\/vol3\/iss1\/art6","DOI":"10.2202\/1944-2866.1045"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13537121.2013.748292"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-18","unstructured":"Lev-On, A., & Lissitsa, S. (2010). Digital divide, Israel 2008. Proceedings of MCIS 2010, Paper 54. http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/mcis2010\/54"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-19","unstructured":"Madzini, R. (2008). Mayoral candidates in Jerusalem storm the net. Ynet, November 9th. http:\/\/www.ynet.co.il\/articles\/0,7340,L-3620037,00.html. (Hebrew)."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-20","author":"M.Margolis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Politics as Usual: The cyberspace Revolution"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-21","unstructured":"Mizrahi, Y., Bar, N., Hezronov, I., & Oron, N. (2005). Digital Readiness Survey and Digital Gaps in Israel. Jerusalem: Ministry of Finance. http:\/\/www.maor.gov.il\/Maor\/Pages\/HE\/DigitalSurvey.aspx?P=MyComm2007. (Hebrew)."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-22","unstructured":"Mor, G. (2008). Local network: The municipal elections in Tel-Aviv are bubbling online. Ynet, November 7th. [REMOVED HYPERLINK FIELD]http:\/\/www.ynet.co.il\/articles\/0,7340,L-3619129,00.html. (Hebrew)."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600802197269"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-24","unstructured":"Networks, G. (2008). http:\/\/www.prweb.co.il\/view.php?pressId=T1Rneg=="},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-25","unstructured":"Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2009). The Internet's Role in Campaign 2008. http:\/\/www.pewInternet.org\/Reports\/2009\/6--The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008.aspx?r=1"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-26","unstructured":"Purian-Lukach, R. (2011). Municipal e-government: Comparative index, Success factors and models for management and evaluation. In Lev-On, A., & Cohen, E. (Eds.), Connected: Politics, Technology and Society in Israel, pp. 137-173. Tel-Aviv: The Israeli Political Science Association Press. (Hebrew)."},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681003765887"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-28","author":"J. C.Strachan","year":"2003","journal-title":"High-Tech Grass Roots: The professionalization of Local Elections"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02865.x"},{"key":"ijep.2014070102-30","unstructured":"Today, I. (2008). 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