{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:53:53Z","timestamp":1781106833192,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>This conceptual paper focuses on understanding the characteristics and behaviors of leaders and followers in social networking communities. The study differentiates between four groups of actors: \u201cEstablished Leaders\u201d, \u201cEmergent Leaders\u201d, \u201cNewbies\u201d, and \u201cSupporters\u201d. Based on a review of the literature on leaders and followers in virtual groups, the Leader\/Follower Behavior in Social Networking Environments model is presented. The model assumes that the characteristics of actors determine the type of leader or follower they are likely to become. Building on this assumption, the model considers leader\/follower characteristics and behaviors as independent variables that lead to a range of outcomes for actors. The outcomes can range from the leader\/follower increasing his\/her power, maintaining the same level of power, decreasing his\/her power, or leaving the community altogether. The discussion and conclusions section develops the theoretical implications from the model and offers suggestions on how the model can be tested and expanded.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijep.2014070103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T09:17:57Z","timestamp":1414660677000},"page":"33-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leaders and Followers in Social Networking Environments"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Celia Romm","family":"Livermore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Information Systems, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Rippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijep.2014070103-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(02)00133-X"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-1","author":"J. M.Burns","year":"1978","journal-title":"Leadership"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(02)00130-4"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-3","unstructured":"Citrus, A., & Yoo, Y. (1999) \u201cDevelopment of expertise coordination patterns in electronic teams\u201d. Paper presented in the 1999 Academy of Management Conference, Chicago, Il"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2391955"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.3.346.10098"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.5.554"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-7","unstructured":"Delaney, K., Buckman, R., & Guth, R. (2006). Facebook riding a web trend: flirts with a big-money deal. Wall Street Journal, March: 16:A8."},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679004301106"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804039904"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-10","author":"F.Fiedler","year":"1967","journal-title":"A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-11","author":"D. R.Forsyth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Group Dynamics"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678603901201"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-13","article-title":"Development of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire","author":"J. K.Hemphill","year":"1957","journal-title":"Leader behavior: its description and measurement"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0049199"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639702300305"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2391905"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.10.6.791"},{"issue":"3","key":"ijep.2014070103-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2002.11045697","article-title":"Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams.","volume":"18","author":"T.Kaywroth","year":"2001-2002","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(78)90023-5"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-20","article-title":"An emerging theory of organizations, leadership and management","author":"R.Likert","year":"1961","journal-title":"Leadership and Interpersonal Behavior"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2391749"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-22","author":"D.McGregor","year":"1960","journal-title":"Human Side of Enterprise"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393771"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(97)00027-X"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-005X.00018"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1993.1001"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-27","author":"C. T.Romm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virtual Politicking"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/267954.267958"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romm, C. T. and Pliskin, N. (1999). The role of charismatic leadership in diffusion and implementation of e-mail. The Journal of Management Development, (Special Issue on The Effects of Leadership and Information Technology on the Organization in the Global Context), 17(1), 273-290.","DOI":"10.1108\/02621719910261175"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019722497129106"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-4012(97)00004-2"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/255957"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-33","unstructured":"Sole, D., & Appelgate, L. (2000) Knowledge sharing practices and technology use norms in dispersed development teams. Paper presented at the 21st International Conference on Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(75)90044-X"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-35","author":"R. M.Stogdill","year":"1974","journal-title":"Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/47.946463"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.2.150"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-38","unstructured":"Vascellaro, J. E., & Corkery, M. (2009). Twitter\u2019s value is set at $1 billion. Wall Street Journal, September 25, B3."},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-39","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Emergent leadership in virtual teams: What do emergent leaders do?","author":"Y.Yoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Information and Organization"},{"key":"ijep.2014070103-40","author":"G. A.Yukl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Leadership in Organizations"}],"container-title":["International Journal of E-Politics"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=117790","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T11:36:54Z","timestamp":1654083414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijep.2014070103"}},"subtitle":["A Conceptual Model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijep.2014070103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-9131","1947-914X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-9131","type":"print"},{"value":"1947-914X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]}}}