{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1760061838487},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Thanks to technology, people learn continuously, anytime and anywhere, and in multiple situations that combine formal, non-formal and informal learning. However, recognizing the type of learning taking place in such technology-enhanced learning (TEL) situations is a big challenge, since the boundaries between these three kinds of learning are blurred. In this paper we present FLINN (FormaL INformal and Non-formal), a framework that defines formal, non-formal and informal learning situations as a continuum of two factors: (a) how learning is achieved; and (b) the setting where the learning situation takes place. This framework helps systematically characterize TEL situations, and as a consequence understand the kind of learning taking place, and recognize the learning opportunities that may arise in these situations. To illustrate the FLINN framework the authors describe three different scenarios, all employing interactive tags combined with other technologies for supporting collaboration in different settings, and embracing a diversity of learning objectives.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijhcitp.2014040104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T18:38:01Z","timestamp":1412015881000},"page":"38-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["FLINN"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mar","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sanagust\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Potificial University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Alario-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telematic Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos Delgado","family":"Kloos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telematic Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40814-4_2"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-1","unstructured":"Blom, J., Verma, H., Li, N., Skevi, A., & Dillenbourg, P. (2013). MOOCs are more social than you believe. eLearning Papers, From the Field, 33(1), 1-3."},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-2","author":"C. M.Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"The innovative university: Changing the DNA of higher education from the inside out"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bridging the gap? Mobile phones at the interface between informal and formal learning.","volume":"4","author":"J.Cook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-3435.00129"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2012.661548"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijhcitp.2013100102"},{"issue":"11","key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-7","first-page":"1661","article-title":"TRAILER project (Tagging, recognition, acknowledgment of informal learning experiences) a methodology to make learners\u2019 informal learning activities visible to the institutions.","volume":"19","author":"F. J.Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Universal Computer Science"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33263-0_10"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.02.005"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00912.x"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13665620310504783"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.033"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.08.008"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lifelong learning: Formal, nonformal, informal, and self-directed.","volume":"241","author":"D. W.Mocker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Information Series"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-15","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Crist\u00f3bal, J. A., Prieto, L. P., Asensio-P\u00e9rez, J. I., Mart\u00ednez-Mon\u00e9s, A., Jorr\u00edn-Abell\u00e1n, I. M., & Dimitriadis, Y. (In press). Deploying learning designs across physical and web spaces: Making pervasive learning affordable for teachers. Pervasive and Mobile Computing. Available at http:\/\/sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574119213001181"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-16","first-page":"300","article-title":"Supporting situated learning based on QR codes with etiquetAR App: A pilot study.","author":"M.Olmedo Camacho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2014"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40814-4_83"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-18","first-page":"573","article-title":"etiquetAR: Tagging learning experiences.","author":"M.P\u00e9rez-Sanagust\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (EC-TEL 2013)"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ijct.1.1.09ros"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Routes of geolocated questions in formal and informal learning contexts.","volume":"14","author":"P.Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Learning Technology"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Literature review in informal learning with technology outside school. Technical Report. Futurelab Series","volume":"7","author":"J.Sefton-Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Report"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-22","unstructured":"Sharples, M., McAndrew, P., Weller, M., Ferguson, R., FitzGerald, E., & Hirst, T. \u2026 Whitelock, D. (2012). Innovating pedagogy 2012: Open university innovation report 1. Technical Report, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK."},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a theory of mobile learning.","author":"M.Sharples","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on mLearning"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-3736.2004.00192.x"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13665620410566441"},{"key":"ijhcitp.2014040104-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264063853-en","author":"P.Werkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Recognising non-formal and informal learning: Outcomes, policies and practices. Technical Report"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=115922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T20:31:23Z","timestamp":1654115483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijhcitp.2014040104"}},"subtitle":["A Framework to Characterize Technology Enhanced Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning Situations"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijhcitp.2014040104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-3478","1947-3486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1947-3486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]}}}