{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:50:08Z","timestamp":1781103008573,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<p>In this article, the authors propose a segmentation-free word spotting in handwritten document images using a Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) framework based on the co-occurrence histogram of oriented gradient (Co-HOG) descriptor. Initially, the handwritten document is represented using visual word vectors which are obtained based on the frequency of occurrence of Co-HOG descriptor within local patches of the document. The visual word representation vector does not consider their spatial location and spatial information helps to determine a location exclusively with visual information when the different location can be perceived as the same. Hence, to add spatial distribution information of visual words into the unstructured BoVW framework, the authors adopted spatial pyramid matching (SPM) technique. The performance of the proposed method evaluated using popular datasets and it is confirmed that the authors' method outperforms existing segmentation free word spotting techniques.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijirr.2019040105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T14:32:23Z","timestamp":1548858743000},"page":"49-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Segmentation Free Word Spotting for Handwritten Documents Using Bag of Visual Words Based on Co-HOG Descriptor"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Thontadari C.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuvempu University, Shimoga, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Prabhakar C. J.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-0","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Handwritten word spotting with corrected attributes.","author":"J.Almazan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2339814"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, S., Nicolaou, A., Llados, J., & Pal, U. (2016). Local binary pattern for word spotting in handwritten historical document. In Joint IAPR International Workshops on SPR and SSPR (pp. 574-583). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49055-7_51"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.834"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.113"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.236"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hast, A., & Vats, E. (2017). Radial Line Fourier Descriptor for Handwritten Word Representation. arXiv:1709.01788","DOI":"10.24132\/JWSCG.2018.26.1.4"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-8","unstructured":"Johansson, S., Leech, G., & Goodluck, H. (1978). Manual of Information to accompany the Lancaster-Olso\/Bergen Corpus of British English, for use with digital computers."},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.10.013"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DIAL.2004.1263256"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.68"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.171"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1996.517139"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320200071"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.16"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-16","author":"T. M.Rath","year":"2003","journal-title":"A statistical approach to retrieving historical manuscript images without recognition (No. CIIR-MM-42)"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-006-0027-8"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-18","first-page":"7","article-title":"Local gradient histogram features for word spotting in unconstrained handwritten documents.","author":"J. A.Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. 1st ICFHR"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.02.005"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.264"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2003.10021"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.22"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.08.021"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296453"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS.2012.96"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.118"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCVIP.2016070105"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23956\/ijarcsse\/V7I6\/0127"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92957-4_4"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.523968"},{"key":"IJIRR.2019040105-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.169"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Information Retrieval Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=222768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T18:17:47Z","timestamp":1651861067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/IJIRR.2019040105"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijirr.2019040105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2155-6377","2155-6385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2155-6377","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-6385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}