{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1781107725646,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Low power, low cost, and security-conscious wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly pervasive in the internet of things (IoT). In these networks, receiver-assigned code division multiple access (RA-CDMA) offers benefits over existing multiple access techniques. RA-CDMA networks are asynchronous, robust against multipath interference, and offer resilience against collision. A lightweight medium access control (MAC) protocol is needed to facilitate communication in RA-CDMA networks between low power sensor nodes and access points. This article provides an overview of RA-CDMA and proposes elements of a new MAC protocol that could improve performance of certain wireless sensor networks. Key features of the proposed MAC design are introduced and compared to those of existing protocols, highlighting its simple and lightweight design. Through its compatibility with RA-CDMA, the MAC design eliminates significant overhead and complexity while meeting requirements for low power networks, which enables the implementation of dense IoT sensor networks.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijitn.2019040103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T10:07:54Z","timestamp":1563530874000},"page":"24-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Low Power IoT Medium Access Control for Receiver-Assigned CDMA"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eric E.","family":"Petrosky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600613"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althobaiti, A. S., & Abdullah, M. (2015). Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Classifications and Cross-Layering. Procedia Computer Science, 65 4-16.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.070"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2010.2085440"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-3","unstructured":"Bluetooth SIG. (2014). Bluetooth Core Specification 4.2."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2040198"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2014956"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6047-4"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2751586"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIT.2009.5407277"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-9","unstructured":"Dam, T. v., & Langendoen, K. (2003). An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.829364"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632658"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.1988.13561"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-13","unstructured":"GPP. (2016). Standardization of NB-IoT Completed. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/news-events\/3gpp-news\/1785-nb_iot_complete"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-14","author":"T.Heikkila","year":"2004","journal-title":"RAKE Receiver"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-15","unstructured":"IEEE. (2011). IEEE Standard 802.15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-16","unstructured":"IEEE. (2016). IEEE Std 802.11-2016 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-2012)."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/605397.605408"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, S., & Mahajan, L. (2012). Power Saving MAC Protocols for WSNs and Optimization of S-MAC Protocol. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 4, 17.","DOI":"10.5772\/54894"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-19","unstructured":"Koppel, S. (2013). Bluetooth Jamming (Bachelor's Thesis). ETH Zurich."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.355"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.06.012"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-22","unstructured":"Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2013). The Link Layer: Links, Access Networks, and LANs. In Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. Academic Press."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2530682"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.545693"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-25","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. (2018). LoRa Alliance Overview. Author."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-26","article-title":"High-Order PSK Signaling (HOPS) Techniques for Low-Power Spread Spectrum Communications.","author":"A. J.Michaels","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things: Smart Objects and Services"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2006.02.005"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2422966.2422970"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrosky, E. E., Michaels, A. J., & Ridge, D. B. (2018). Network Scalability Comparison of IEEE 802.15.4 and Receiver-Assigned CDMA. (submitted for publication)","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2884455"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-30","author":"T.Pratt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Satellite Communications"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-31","unstructured":"Pratt, T., & Sweeney, D. (2016). ECE 4644 Satellite Communications Course Notes. Academic Press."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13174-0_3"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-017-0357-0"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-34","unstructured":"Ryan, M. (2013). Bluetooth: With Low Energy Comes Low Security. Paper presented at the 7th USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies, Washington, DC."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031497"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.1453"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-37","unstructured":"Technical characteristics and spectrum requirements of Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications systems to support their safe operation. (2013). Report ITU-R M.2283."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-38"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-39","author":"N. D.Tripathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellular Communications: A Comprehensive and Practical Guide"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-40","unstructured":"Ye, W., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2002). An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Paper presented at the IEEE INFOCOM, New York, NY."},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002"},{"key":"IJITN.2019040103-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470443521"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=233898","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T21:51:06Z","timestamp":1651873866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/IJITN.2019040103"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijitn.2019040103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-8663","1941-8671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-8663","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-8671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}