{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1781109278975,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>This paper begins to introduce the General Systems Theory and \u2018Cybernetics' concept. Then, it sets out to integrate these two theories to gain insight into the processes driving the distinct processes of open, user driven innovation and closed producer driven innovation. By using the simplest model of control the modulation of the relationship between a fast expansive dynamic and a slow constraining one, and then by construction, this paper demonstrates that by bundling three such systems together in overlapping bundles of three, one can create a viable self-sustaining more general system with five levels. After that, this paper demonstrates how such system is made manifest in the Silicon Valley Index of innovation. Some arguments have been given, like open innovation is characterized by volumes of venture capital generated and closed innovation by the number of patents produced. This integrated new model is applied to China, in order to create a more innovative society. The end of this paper provides some suggestions to Chinese government policy maker.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijkss.2014010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T08:54:40Z","timestamp":1406105680000},"page":"14-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cybernetics of Innovation and Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Hilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Nottingham University Business School, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maris","family":"Farquaharson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Nottingham University Business School, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Nottingham University Business School, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(01)00068-4"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin, C., & von Hippel, E. (2009). Modeling a paradigm shift: From producer innovation to user and open collaborative innovation. MIT Sloan School of Management Working Paper (Vol. 4764-09).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1502864"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0538"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijkss.2014010102-3","first-page":"34","article-title":"Building competitive advantage through people.","volume":"43","author":"C. A.Bartlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-4","author":"S.Beer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain of the firm"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-5","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguancun index evaluation report. National Bureau of Statistics of the Bureau of Statistics Survey Organization"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4284\/0038-4038-77.4.856"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(98)00034-2"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9310.00187"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-9","unstructured":"Cook, N., & von Zedtwitz, M. (2005). Control structures of natural systems: The foundations for a theory of organizational control. In Proceedings of the IFSR Conference 2005."},{"issue":"4","key":"ijkss.2014010102-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/104225870102500406","article-title":"Level of analysis in entrepreneurship research practice and suggestions for the future.","volume":"25","author":"P.Davidsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-11","unstructured":"Design for military operations: The British military doctrine. (1996)."},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00097-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"ijkss.2014010102-13","first-page":"64","article-title":"Tech transfer, incubators probed at Triple Helix III.","volume":"4","author":"H.Etzkowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Research Technology Management"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-14","author":"M. H.Farquharson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resource accumulation for opportunity identification and exploitation by lead academic and non-academic entrepreneurs. Unpublished PhD"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5367\/0000000041513394"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-16","author":"B. M.Government","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguancun index evaluation report"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-17","unstructured":"Hakkarainen, K., & Talonen, T. (2006). Zipping up business and technology considerations together into a mutual strategy. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Technology, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-18","article-title":"Entrepreneurial vs. communal ethics: China and global ethical direction in the 21st century.","author":"B. J.Hilton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593960701778044"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-006-9061-4"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008184601282"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007843019679"},{"issue":"3","key":"ijkss.2014010102-23","first-page":"674","article-title":"Organizational learning in multinationals R&D networks of Japanese and US MNEs in the UK.","volume":"4","author":"A.Lam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2007.00696.x"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-006-9059-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijkss.2014010102-26","first-page":"22","article-title":"Value innovation: A leap into the blue ocean.","volume":"26","author":"R.Mauborgne","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Business Strategy"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.3.372"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-28","author":"J. G.Miller","year":"1978","journal-title":"Living systems"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2007.00203.x"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2011.565667"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(02)00118-0"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-32","author":"D.North","year":"2004","journal-title":"Institutions, institutional change and economic performance"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392231"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-005-6108-x"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-35","unstructured":"Rosen, R. (2000). Essays on life itself (Complexity in ecological systems)."},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-36","author":"A.Ross","year":"1956","journal-title":"An introduction to cybernetics"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1366271022000034453"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9934(199606)16:4<459::AID-FUT6>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-3821(02)19008-3"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1062-9769(00)00050-8"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2330757"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(97)00052-8"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2009.07.003"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9310.00256"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4101(96)00433-8"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1199(99)00005-X"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTT.0000034121.02507.f3"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-48","unstructured":"Wright, M., Vohora, A., Lockett, A., & Nicolaou, N. (2004). The evolution of teams in university high-tech spinouts: Team member entry and exit."},{"issue":"1","key":"ijkss.2014010102-49","first-page":"594","article-title":"Influence of Chinese securities margin trading mechanism to stock market volatility.","volume":"3","author":"X.Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Asian Social Science"},{"key":"ijkss.2014010102-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.02.004"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=110910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T14:53:40Z","timestamp":1654095220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijkss.2014010102"}},"subtitle":["The Viable Systems Model Applied to the Silicon Valley Index and China"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijkss.2014010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-8208","1947-8216"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-8208","type":"print"},{"value":"1947-8216","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}}}