{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:35:42Z","timestamp":1757313342555},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>We constantly move our gaze to gather acute visual information from our environment. Conversely, as originally shown by Yarbus in his seminal work, the elicited gaze patterns hold information over our changing attentional focus while performing a task. Recently, the proliferation of machine learning algorithms has allowed the research community to test the idea of inferring, or even predicting action and intent from gaze behaviour. The on-going miniaturization of gaze tracking technologies toward pervasive wearable solutions allows studying inference also in everyday activities outside research laboratories. This paper scopes the emerging field and reviews studies focusing on the inference of intent and action in naturalistic behaviour. While the task-specific nature of gaze behavior, and the variability in naturalistic setups present challenges, gaze-based inference holds a clear promise for machine-based understanding of human intent and future interactive solutions.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijmhci.2017100104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1501574629000},"page":"41-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inferring Intent and Action from Gaze in Naturalistic Behavior"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kristian","family":"Lukander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Miika","family":"Toivanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland & Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Puolam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-0","unstructured":"Abolhassani, A. H., & Clark, J. J. (2011). Visual Task Inference Using Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of IJCAI (pp. 1678-1683)."},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-1","unstructured":"Abolhassani, A. H., & Clark, J. J. (2011, June). Visual Task Inference Using Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of IJCAI (pp. 1678-1683)."},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-010-0183-5"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-009-9066-4"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87536-9_95"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968363.968386"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2644812"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.05.047"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.3.29"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247710"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2012.6224551"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borji, A., & Tanner, J. (2016). Reconciling saliency and object center-bias hypotheses in explaining free-viewing fixations. IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems, 27(6), 1214-1226.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2480683"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/1620545.1620552","article-title":"Eye movement analysis for activity recognition.","author":"A.Bulling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Ubiquitous computing"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2010.5650024"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-16","unstructured":"Cristianini, N., & Shawe-Taylor, J. (2000). An introduction to support vector machines."},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000100347","article-title":"Eye movement recordings: Methods.","volume":"40","author":"T.Eggert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.020"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009079"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.03.019"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816772.006"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.3.29"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.08.014"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-24","first-page":"576","article-title":"Preliminary Studies on Personalized Preference Prediction from Gaze in Comparing Visualizations.","author":"R.Hamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Symposium on Visual Computing"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01049"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35058500"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0044"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578208"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957265.2965014"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.3.14"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20282-7_15"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.04.035"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37213-1_46"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2009.5202640"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2366154"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05166-X"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36181-2_45"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.5.20"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oertel, C., Scherer, S., & Campbell, N. (2011). On the use of multimodal cues for the prediction of involvement in spontaneous conversation. In Interspeech (Vol. 2011, pp. 1541-1544).","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2011-465"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)55002-2"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.031"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.03.017"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390252"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076062"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076062"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957265.2965015"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/7.14.16"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"t'Hart, B., & Einh\u00e4user, W. (2012). Mind the step: complementary effects of an implicit task on eye and head movements in real-life gaze allocation. Experimental brain research, 223(2), 233-249.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3254-x"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatler, B. W., Wade, N. J., Kwan, H., Findlay, J. M., & Velichkovsky, B. M. (2010). Yarbus, eye movements, and vision. i-Perception, 1(1), 7-27.","DOI":"10.1068\/i0382"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toivanen, M., Lukander, K., Puolam\u00e4ki, K. (2017) Probabilistic Approach to Robust Wearable Gaze Tracking. Manuscript submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.10.4.2"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957265.2965016"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6631-2"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.2.342"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.08.001"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820536"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20267-9_23"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.08.003"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2015.7396895"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2015.7396895"},{"key":"IJMHCI.2017100104-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2016.7460030"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=187191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T16:09:06Z","timestamp":1651853346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/IJMHCI.2017100104"}},"subtitle":["A Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijmhci.2017100104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-390X","1942-3918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-390X","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-3918","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]}}}