{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T06:10:05Z","timestamp":1716531005389},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>The aim of this article is to explore the differences and commonalities between open source software and other cases of open technology. The concept of open technology is used here to indicate various models of innovation based on the participation of a wide range of different actors who freely share the innovations they have produced. The article begins with a review of the problems connected to the production of public goods and explains why open source software seems to be a \u201ccurious exception\u201d for traditional economic reasoning. Then it describes the successful operation of similar models of innovation (open technology) in other technological fields. The third section investigates the literature in relation to three fundamental issues in the current open source research agenda, namely, developers\u2019 motivations, performance, and sustainability of the model. Finally, the fourth section provides a final comparison between open source software and the other cases of open technology.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijossp.2012100104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1392218189000},"page":"44-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Curious Exceptions?"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nuvolari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rullani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(83)90023-9"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-1","unstructured":"Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrow, K. (1962). Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In R. Nelson (Ed.), The rate and direction of inventive activity: Economic and social factors. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400879762-024"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0545"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0546"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0547"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbake, W., & West, J. (Eds.). (2006). Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199290727.001.0001"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-7","unstructured":"Cohendet, P., Creplet, F., & Dupou\u00ebt, O. (2001, June). Communities of practice and epistemic communities: A renewed approach of organizational learning within the firm. Paper presented at the Workshop on Economics and Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, Marseille, France."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-8","unstructured":"Comino, S., Manenti, F. M., & Parisi, M. L. (2005). From planning to mature: On the determinants of open source take off (Discussion Paper 2005-17). Trento, Italy: Trento University."},{"issue":"4","key":"ijossp.2012100104-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.02.003","article-title":"Relationships between open source software companies and communities: Observations from Nordic firms.","volume":"34","author":"L.Dahlander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-10","unstructured":"Dalle, J.-M., & David, P. A. (2005). The allocation of software development resources in \u201copen source\u201d production mode. In J. Feller et al. (Eds.), Making sense of the bazaar: Perspectives on open source and free software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-11","unstructured":"Dalle, J.-M., David, P. A., Ghosh, R. A., & Wolak, F. A. (2004, June). Free & open source software developers and \u201cthe economy of regard\u201d: Participation and code-signing in the modules of the Linux kernel. Paper presented at the Oxford Workshop on Libre Source, Oxford, UK."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)01002-1"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-13","unstructured":"David, P. A., & Rullani, F. (2006, June). Open source software development dynamics: Project joining and new project generation on SourceForge. Paper presented at the Meetings of the International Schumpeter Society (ISS), Sophia-Antipolis, France."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-14","unstructured":"David, P. A., Waterman, A., & Arora, S. (2003). The free\/libre\/open source software survey for 2003 (Preliminary draft). Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(82)90016-6"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fershtman, C., & Gandal, N. (2004). The determinants of output per contributor in open source projects: An empirical examination (Discussion Paper 4329). London: CEPR.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.515282"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foray, D. (2004). The economics of knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2613.001.0001"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-19","unstructured":"Foray, D., & Hilaire-Perez, L. (2000, May). The economics of open technology: Collective invention and individual claims in the \u201cfabrique lyonnaise\u201d during the old regime. Paper presented at the conference in honour of Paul A. David, Turin, Italy."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00006-9"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-21","article-title":"Proprietary vs public domain licensing of software and research products.","author":"A.Gambardella","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, R. A. (1998). Cooking pot markets: An economic model for the trade in free goods and services on the Internet. First Monday, 3(3). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue3_3\/ghosh","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v3i2.580"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-23","unstructured":"Ghosh, R. A., Krieger, B., Glott, R., & Robles, G. (2002). Free\/libre and open source software. Part IV: Survey of developers. International Institute of Infonomics, Berlecom Research GmbH."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-24","unstructured":"Giuri, P., Ploner, M., Rullani, F., & Torrisi, S. (2005, September). Skills, division of labor and performance in collective inventions: Evidence from the open source software. Paper presented at the EARIE Conference, Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0550"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-26","unstructured":"Healy, K., & Schussman, A. (2003). The ecology of open source software development (Working Paper). AZ: Department of Sociology, University of Arizona."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(03)00047-7"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-28","unstructured":"Himanen, P., Torvalds, L., & Castells, M. (2001). The hacker ethic and the spirit of the information age. London: Secker & Warburg."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-29","unstructured":"Hunter, L. (1949). Steamboats on the Western rivers: An economic and technological history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0156"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy, S. (2002). Cave or community? An empirical examination of 100 mature open source projects. First Monday, 7(6). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.dk\/issues\/issue7_6\/krishnamurthy","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v7i6.960"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-32","unstructured":"Lakhani, K. R., & Wolf. (2005). Why hackers do what they do: Understanding motivations and effort in free\/open source software projects. In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, & K. R. Lakhani (Eds.), Perspectives on free and open source software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-33","first-page":"32","article-title":"How open source software works: \u201cFree\u201d developer-to-developer assistance.","author":"K. R.Lakhani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-34","unstructured":"Lakhani, K. R., Wolf, R. G., Bates, J., & DiBona, C. (2002). The Boston Consulting Group hacker survey (Release 0.73). Author."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(01)00124-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijossp.2012100104-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00174","article-title":"Some simple economics of open source.","volume":"L","author":"J.Lerner","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Industrial Economics"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewi002"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y. (2004). Contextualising knowledge-making in Linux user groups. First Monday, 9(11). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue9_11\/lin\/index.html","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v9i11.1187"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"ijossp.2012100104-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6435.00156","article-title":"Intrinsic motivation in a new light.","volume":"54","author":"S.Lindenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kyklos"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-40","unstructured":"Lundvall, B.-\u00c5. (1988). Innovation as an interactive process: From user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, & L. Soete (Eds.), Technical change and economic theory. London: Pinter."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer, S. M., & Scotchmer, S. (2006). Open source software: The new intellectual property paradigm (NBER Working Paper 12148).","DOI":"10.3386\/w12148"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/258177"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cje\/28.3.347"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuvolari, A. (2005). Open source software development: Some historical perspectives. First Monday, 10(10). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue10_10\/nuvolari\/index.html","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v10i10.1284"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterloh, M., & Rota, S. G. (2005). Open source software development\u2014Just another case of collective invention? (CREMA Working Paper 2005-08).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.561744"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, E. (1998). Homesteading the Noosphere. First Monday, 3(10). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue3_10\/raymond\/index.html","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v3i10.621"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0554"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, C., & Bonaccorsi, A. (2005). Intrinsic vs. extrinsic incentives in profit-oriented firms supplying open source products and services. First Monday, 10(5). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http:\/\/www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue10_5\/rossi","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v10i5.1242"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-49","unstructured":"Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and in Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S. (2005). Open beyond software. In C. DiBona, D. Cooper, & M. Stone (Eds.), Open sources 2.0: The continuing evolution. Sebastopol, CA: O\u2019Reilly.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.789805"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0553"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-52","unstructured":"Torvalds, L., & Diamond, D. (2001). Just for fun: The story of an accidental revolutionary. New York: Texere."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(87)90015-1"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-54","unstructured":"Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"ijossp.2012100104-55","first-page":"82","article-title":"Innovation by user communities: Learning from open source software.","volume":"42","author":"E.Von Hippel","year":"2001","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2333.001.0001"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.2.209.14992"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-58","unstructured":"Weber, S. (2000). The political economy of open source software (BRIE Working Paper 140)."},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, S. (2004). The success of open source. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044999"},{"key":"ijossp.2012100104-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(03)00053-2"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=101217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T05:55:09Z","timestamp":1716530109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijossp.2012100104"}},"subtitle":["Open Source Software and \u201cOpen\u201d Technology"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijossp.2012100104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-3926","1942-3934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-3926","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-3934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}