{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:02:50Z","timestamp":1747224170838,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High data rate communication systems usually implement Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to face frequency selectivity. High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is an OFDM disadvantage that causes Bit Error Rate (BER) degradation and out-of-band (OOB) radiation when OFDM signal pass through nonlinear Power Amplifier (PA). In order to overcome this problem larger Input Back-Off (IBO) is required. However, large IBO decreases the PA efficiency. PAPR reduction techniques are used to reduce the required IBO, so that PA efficiency is saved.  Several PAPR reduction methods are introduced in literature, among them Tone Reservation based on Null Subcarriers (TRNS) is downward compatible version of Tone Reservation (TR) with small excess in the average power and low computational complexity compared to others. As will be shown, TRNS is the best practical one of the four downward compatible techniques. Performance of TRNS is controlled by three parameters; number of peak reduction tones (PRTs), predefined threshold (Amax), and number of iterations (Itr). In order to increase PAPR reduction gain, enhance BER performance, and reduce the required IBO to follow the given power spectral density (PSD), we have to choose the values of these parameters adequately. Results showed that, we have to reduce the threshold value to the average (i.e. Amax =0 dB). Also, we have to increase number of PRTs. However, we have to maintain the spectrum shape. Finally, we have to choose moderate number of iterations (e.g. Itr \u224850), as excessive increase in number of iterations is not useful, especially at high PAPR values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijskd.2020040103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T12:11:42Z","timestamp":1581682302000},"page":"45-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Controlling Parameters of Tone Reservation Based on Null Subcarriers (TRNS) on the Performance of OFDM Systems"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-7224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mounir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"El-Gazeera High Institute (EGI) for Engineering and Technology, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1852-3286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed Bakry","family":"El Mashade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073593"},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2006.255378"},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-2","unstructured":"ETSI. (2000, July). Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-multipoint equipment; TDMA; Point to-multipoint digital radio systems in frequency bands in the range 3GHz to 11GHz (ETSI EN 301.021 v1.6.1)."},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6364660"},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894527"},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20000822"},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-6","unstructured":"Kozhakhmetov, T. (2008). Reduction of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM systems using companding schemes (Tech. Rep. 2008-09 SA). University of Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t\/Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr Hamburg."},{"key":"IJSKD.2020040103-7","unstructured":"Li, F. (2012). Linearization of power amplifiers in wide band communication systems by digital baseband predistortion technique [Doctoral dissertation]. University De Nantes, Nantes, France. 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