{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:03:04Z","timestamp":1747224184252,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Personal identification number (PIN) is a common user authentication method widely used especially for automated teller machines and point-of-sales devices. The user's PIN entry is susceptible to shoulder-surfing and inference attacks, where the attacker can obtain the PIN by looking over the user's shoulder. The conventional keypad with a fixed layout makes it easy for the attacker to infer the PIN entered by casual observation. This paper proposes a method of authentication to address these challenges. The paper develops a prototype numeric keypad with a layout akin to the conventional keypad, with the keys randomized for each PIN entry. The shuffle algorithm, Durstenfeld shuffle algorithm, is implemented in an application developed using JavaScript, which is a prototype-based object-oriented programming application that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. The prototype is implemented on three computing platforms for evaluation. The test proves the effectiveness of the system to mitigate shoulder-surfing and inference attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsppc.2021070102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T14:25:10Z","timestamp":1624285510000},"page":"12-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scrambling Keypad for Secure Pin Entry to Defeat Shoulder Surfing and Inference Attacks"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samuel Selassie","family":"Yakohene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-1832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Winfred","family":"Yaokumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest Barfo Boadi","family":"Gyebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2432","container-title":["International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=282085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:26:25Z","timestamp":1651796785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/IJSPPC.2021070102"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijsppc.2021070102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2643-7937","2643-7945"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2643-7937"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2643-7945"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}