{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:09:31Z","timestamp":1781104171330,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>In this reply to James H. Fetzer\u2019s \u201cMinds and Machines: Limits to Simulations of Thought and Action\u201d, the author argues that computationalism should not be the view that (human) cognition is computation, but that it should be the view that cognition (simpliciter) is computable. It follows that computationalism can be true even if (human) cognition is not the result of computations in the brain. The author also argues that, if semiotic systems are systems that interpret signs, then both humans and computers are semiotic systems. Finally, the author suggests that minds can be considered as virtual machines implemented in certain semiotic systems, primarily the brain, but also AI computers. In doing so, the author takes issue with Fetzer\u2019s arguments to the contrary.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsss.2012010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,5]],"date-time":"2012-04-05T09:19:41Z","timestamp":1333617581000},"page":"32-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Semiotic Systems, Computers, and the Mind"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Rapaport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747039"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-1","unstructured":"Andersen, P. B. (1992). Computer semiotics. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 4(1), 1-30. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http:\/\/aisle.aisnet.org\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1189&context=sjis"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJART.2009.029236"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002149","article-title":"Perceptual symbol systems.","volume":"22","author":"L. W.Barsalou","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454602753694756"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012010102-5","first-page":"23","article-title":"Peirce, Searle, and the Chinese Room Argument.","volume":"9","author":"S. R.Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cybernetics & Human Knowing"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2185131"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(01)00108-3"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-8","author":"D. J.Chalmers","year":"1996","journal-title":"The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2371045"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleland, C. E. (1993). Is the Church-Turing thesis true? Minds and Machines, 3(3), 283-312.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00976283"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1990.tb00159.x"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0315-0860(90)90048-I"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904433106"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02691729008578566"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01445348408837062"},{"issue":"6","key":"ijsss.2012010102-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil2010107622","article-title":"Measurement-theoretic representation and computation-theoretic realization.","volume":"107","author":"E.Dresner","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-17","unstructured":"Dreyfus, H. L. (1965). Alchemy and artificial intelligence (Report No. P-3244). Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Retrieved November 2, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4hczr59"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-18","author":"H. L.Dreyfus","year":"1972","journal-title":"What computers can\u2019t do: The limits of artificial intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-19","author":"H. L.Dreyfus","year":"1979","journal-title":"What computers can\u2019t do: The limits of artificial intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-20","author":"H. L.Dreyfus","year":"1992","journal-title":"What computers still can\u2019t do: A critique of artificial reason"},{"issue":"5","key":"ijsss.2012010102-21","first-page":"440","article-title":"Using context clues in word recognition and comprehension.","volume":"23","author":"K. L.Dulin","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Reading Teacher"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-22","author":"U.Eco","year":"1979","journal-title":"A theory of semiotics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-23","first-page":"41","article-title":"On truth: A fiction","author":"U.Eco","year":"1988","journal-title":"Meaning and mental representations"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528130802319086"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195320671.001.0001","author":"S.Edelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computing the mind"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regarding reality: Some consequences of two incapacities.","volume":"2","author":"S.Edelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-27","unstructured":"Ehrlich, K. (1995). Automatic vocabulary expansion through narrative context (Tech. Rep. No. 95-09). Buffalo, NY: Department of Computer Science, SUNY Buffalo."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-28","author":"J. H.Fetzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artificial intelligence: Its scope and limits"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.2.1.01fet"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281398146653"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-31","author":"J. H.Fetzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computers and cognition: Why minds are not machines"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-32","unstructured":"Fetzer, J. H. (2008). Computing vs. cognition: Three dimensional differences. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-33","unstructured":"Fetzer, J. H. (2010, July). Limits to simulations of thought and action. Paper presented at the North American Conference on Computing and Philosophy, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsss.2011010103"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-35","author":"J. A.Fodor","year":"1975","journal-title":"The language of thought"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00001771"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4627.001.0001","author":"J. A.Fodor","year":"2000","journal-title":"The mind doesn\u2019t work that way: The scope and limits of computational psychology"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-38","author":"J. A.Fodor","year":"2008","journal-title":"LOT 2: The language of thought revisited"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01083.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijsss.2012010102-40","first-page":"78","article-title":"On computational wings.","volume":"9","author":"K.Ford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scientific American Presents"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10700"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-42","first-page":"51","article-title":"The confluence of ideas in 1936","author":"R.Gandy","year":"1988","journal-title":"The universal Turing machine: A half-century survey"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674037533","author":"R.Gelman","year":"1986","journal-title":"The child\u2019s understanding of number"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-44","unstructured":"Goldfain, A. (2006). Embodied enumeration: Appealing to activities for mathematical explanation. In M. Beetz, K. Rajan, M. Thielscher, & R. Bogdan Rusu (Eds.), Cognitive robotics: Papers from the AAAI Workshop (pp. 69-76). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-45","unstructured":"Goldfain, A. (2008). A computational theory of early mathematical cognition (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Buffalo, NY: Department of Computer Science & Engineering, SUNY Buffalo. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/sneps\/Bibliography\/GoldfainDissFinal.pdf"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-46","author":"A.Gopnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"The philosophical baby: What children\u2019s minds tell us about truth, love, and the meaning of life"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-47","first-page":"602","article-title":"Emulation","author":"S.Habib","year":"1983","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of computer science and engineering"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-49","unstructured":"Harris, P. (2000). The work of the imagination. Malden, MA: Blackwelline"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-50","author":"T.Hobbes","year":"1651","journal-title":"Leviathan"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-51","author":"D.Hofstadter","year":"2007","journal-title":"I am a strange loop"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-52","unstructured":"Horst, S. (2009). The computational theory of mind. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved May 6, 2011, from http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2009\/entries\/computational-mind\/"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-53","unstructured":"Huemer, M. (2011). Sense-Data. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved May 6, 2011, from http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2011\/entries\/sense-data\/"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-54","author":"D.Hume","year":"1888","journal-title":"A treatise of human nature"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-55","author":"D.Hume","year":"1902","journal-title":"An enquiry concerning human understanding"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-56","unstructured":"Incardona, L. (in press). Semiotica e Web Semantico: Basi teoriche e metodologiche per la semiotica computazionale [Semiotics and Semantic Web: Theoretical and Methodological Foundations for Computational Semiotics] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198270126.001.0001","author":"R.Jackendoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foundations of language: Brain, meaning, grammar, evolution"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-58","author":"P. N.Johnson-Laird","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-59","author":"P. N.Johnson-Laird","year":"1988","journal-title":"The computer and the mind: An introduction to cognitive science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-60","unstructured":"Jones, D. (2010, July). Animat Liberation. Paper presented at the North American Conference on Computing and Philosophy, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-61","author":"B.Julesz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Foundations of cyclopean perception"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1988.68.1-2.33"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606441.019"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-64","author":"S. C.Kleene","year":"1952","journal-title":"Introduction to metamathematics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-65","author":"S. C.Kleene","year":"1967","journal-title":"Mathematical logic"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361454.361514"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-67","first-page":"xiv-9","article-title":"Basic concepts: \u00a71.1: Algorithms","author":"D. E.Knuth","year":"1973","journal-title":"The art of computer programming"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021150928258"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262016995.001.0001","author":"H.Levesque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thinking as computation: A first course"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-70","unstructured":"Lobina, D. J. (2010). Recursion and the competence\/performance distinction in AGL tasks. Language and Cognitive Processes. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/Lobina2010"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-71","unstructured":"Lobina, D. J., & Garc\u00eda-Albea, J. E. (2009). Recursion and cognitive science: Data structures and mechanism. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1347-1352)."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-72","unstructured":"Lohr, S. (2010, September 24). Frederick Jelinek, who gave machines the key to human speech, dies at 77. The New York Times, p. B10."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031819100057983"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810928106"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15214-6_3"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markov, A. A. (1960). Theory of algorithms (E. Hewitt, Trans.). In American Mathematical Society Translations (Series 2, Vol. 15, pp. 1-14). Moscow, USSR: Academy of Sciences. (Original work published 1954)","DOI":"10.1090\/trans2\/015\/01"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-77","author":"D.Marr","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-78","author":"P.McCorduck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aaron\u2019s Code: Meta-art, artificial intelligence, and the work of Harold Cohen"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2010.11.023"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-81","unstructured":"Mill, J. S. (1843). A system of logic. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/MillSystemLogic"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10039-000"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-83","author":"C.Morris","year":"1938","journal-title":"Foundations of the theory of signs"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-84","author":"E. T.Mueller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Daydreaming in humans and machines: A computer model of the stream of thought"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012010102-85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.37693\/pjos.2007.1.8815","article-title":"Semiotic machine.","volume":"1","author":"M.Nadin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Journal of Semiotics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-86","unstructured":"Nadin, M. (2010). Remembering Peter B\u00f8gh Andersen: Is the computer a semiotic machine? A discussion never finished. Semiotix: New Series, 1. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http:\/\/www.semioticon.com\/semiotix\/2010\/03"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048495"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360018.360022"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-89","unstructured":"N\u00f6th, W. (2003). Semiotic machines. S.E.E.D. Journal (Semiotics, Evolution, Energy, and Development), 3(3), 81-99."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-008-9098-2"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-91","first-page":"1","article-title":"How does a molecule become a message?","volume":"3","author":"H. H.Pattee","year":"1969","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijsss.2012010102-92","first-page":"325","article-title":"Cell psychology: An evolutionary approach to the symbol-matter problem.","volume":"5","author":"H. H.Pattee","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cognition and Brain Theory"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-93","first-page":"165","article-title":"Logical machines.","volume":"1","author":"C. S.Peirce","year":"1887","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-94","author":"C. S.Peirce","year":"1977","journal-title":"Semiotic and Significs: The correspondence between Charles S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-95","first-page":"186","article-title":"Some consequences of four incapacities","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"C. S.Peirce","year":"1992","journal-title":"The essential Peirce: Selected philosophical writings"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-96","unstructured":"Peirce, C. S. (1998). The essential Peirce: Selected philosophical writings (Peirce Edition Project, Ed.) (Vol. 2). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-97","article-title":"1931-1958","volume":"Vol. 1-8","author":"C. S.Peirce","journal-title":"Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198519737.001.0001","author":"R.Penrose","year":"1989","journal-title":"The emperor\u2019s new mind: Concerning computers, minds and the laws of physics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-063-9.ch005","article-title":"Symbols: Integrated cognition and language","author":"L. I.Perlovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semiotics and intelligent systems development"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/2011.89.126"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001","author":"R. W.Picard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Affective computing"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-102","unstructured":"Piccinini, G. (2005). Symbols, strings, and spikes: The empirical refutation of computationalism. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/Piccinini2005"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5444-0_2"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-005-5385-4"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2010.00356.x"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-010-9195-3"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2007.00133.x"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-108","first-page":"37","article-title":"Origins and development of contemporary syntactics.","volume":"1","author":"R.Posner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Languages of Design"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-109","first-page":"148","article-title":"Minds and machines","author":"H.Putnam","year":"1960","journal-title":"Dimensions of mind: A symposium"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-110","unstructured":"Putnam, H. (1961). Brains and behavior. Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Section L (History and Philosophy of Science)."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-111","first-page":"131","article-title":"The meaning of \u2018meaning","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"H.Putnam","year":"1975","journal-title":"Language, mind, and knowledge (Minnesota Studies in the philosophy of science)"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5891.001.0001","author":"H.Putnam","year":"1988","journal-title":"Representation and reality"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00002053"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-114","author":"Z. W.Pylyshyn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamericanmind0909-22"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2214805"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3327784"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-118","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to make the world fit our language: An essay in Meinongian Semantics.","volume":"14","author":"W. J.Rapaport","year":"1981","journal-title":"Grazer Philosophische Studien"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1163\/18756735-02501004","article-title":"Non-existent objects and epistemological ontology.","volume":"25-26","author":"W. J.Rapaport","year":"1985","journal-title":"Grazer Philosophische Studien"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/289312"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J. (1988). Syntactic semantics: Foundations of computational natural-language understanding. In J. H. Fetzer (Ed.), Aspects of artificial intelligence (pp. 81-131). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. Errata retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/SynSemErrata1 (Reprinted in Thinking computers and virtual persons: Essays on the intentionality of machines, pp. 225-273, E. Dietrich, Ed., 1994, San Diego, CA: Academic Press)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2699-8_4"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-122","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J. (1990). Computer processes and virtual persons: Comments on Cole\u2019s \u2018Artificial Intelligence and Personal Identity\u2019 (Tech. Rep. No. 90-13). Buffalo, NY: Department of Computer Science, SUNY Buffalo. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/Rapaport1990"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2214212"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281398146671"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5840\/monist19998212","article-title":"Implementation is semantic interpretation.","volume":"82","author":"W. J.Rapaport","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Monist"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008319409770"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013765011735"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024145126190"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-129","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J. (2003b). What is the \u2018context\u2019 for contextual vocabulary acquisition? In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Science and the 7th Australasian Society for Cognitive Science Conference, Sydney, Australia (Vol. 2, pp. 547-552). Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J. (2005a). In defense of contextual vocabulary acquisition: How to do things with words in context. In A. Dey, B. Kokinov, D. Leake, & R. Turner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context, Paris, France, Berlin: Springer (LNCS 3554, pp. 396-409).","DOI":"10.1007\/11508373_30"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528130500283998"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9054-6"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-010-9213-z"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-134","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J., & Ehrlich, K. (2000). A computational theory of vocabulary acquisition. In L. M. Iwa\u0144ska & S. C. Shapiro (Eds.), Natural language processing and knowledge representation: Language for knowledge and knowledge for language (pp. 347-375). Menlo Park, CA\/Cambridge, MA: AAAI Press\/MIT Press. Errata retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/RapaportEhrlichErrata"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528130601116162"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-136","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J., & Kibby, M. W. (2010). Contextual vocabulary acquisition: From algorithm to curriculum. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/RapaportKibby2010"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-137","unstructured":"Ray, K. (2010). Web 3.0. Retrieved March 1, 2011, from http:\/\/kateray.net\/film"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-138","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the scope of syntactics in mathematics and science: The machine metaphor","author":"R.Rosen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Real brains, artificial minds"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2269059"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-140","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Simulation","author":"P. F.Roth","year":"1983","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of computer science and engineering"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-141","unstructured":"Santore, J. F., & Shapiro, S. C. (2003). Crystal Cassie: Use of a 3-D gaming environment for a cognitive agent. In Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Cognitive Modeling of Agents and Multi-Agent Interactions, Acapulco, Mexico (pp. 84-91)."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-142","author":"M. L.Schagrin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Logic: A computer approach"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-143","unstructured":"Schneider, S. (2009). The paradox of fiction. In Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved May 6, 2011, from http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/fict-par\/"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00005756"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3130074"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2185282"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-147","first-page":"54","article-title":"Artificial intelligence","author":"S. C.Shapiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528139308953771"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-149","unstructured":"Shapiro, S. C. (1998). Embodied Cassie. In Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Cognitive Robotics (Tech. Rep. No. FS-98-02) (pp. 136-143). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-150","unstructured":"Shapiro, S. C. (2001). Computer science: The study of procedures. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~shapiro\/Papers\/whatiscs.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"ijsss.2012010102-151","first-page":"76","article-title":"Natural-language-competent robots.","volume":"21","author":"S. C.Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-152","unstructured":"Shapiro, S. C., Amir, E., Grosskreutz, H., Randell, D., & Soutchanski, M. (2001, May 20-22). Commonsense and embodied agents: A panel discussion. In Proceedings of the 5th International Common Sense Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York, NY. Retrieved October 20, 2011, from http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~shapiro\/Papers\/commonsense-panel.pdf"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793843010000515"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00352-4"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4792-0_11"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5352.003.0012","article-title":"Models and minds: Knowledge representation for natural-language competence","author":"S. C.Shapiro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Philosophy and AI: Essays at the interface"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012010102-157","first-page":"17","article-title":"Metacognition in SNePS.","volume":"28","author":"S. C.Shapiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042769"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024127"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-160","unstructured":"Sloman, A. (2004). What are emotion theories about? In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium Workshop on Architectures for Modeling Emotion, Stanford, CA."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-161","unstructured":"Sloman, A. (2009). The cognition and affect project. Retrieved May 6, 2011, from http:\/\/www.cs.bham.ac.uk\/research\/projects\/cogaff\/cogaff.html"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-162","unstructured":"Sloman, A., & Croucher, M. (1981). Why robots will have emotions. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Retrieved May 6, 2011, from http:\/\/www.cs.bham.ac.uk\/research\/projects\/cogaff\/81-95.html#36"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B. (2001). True grid. In D. Montello (Ed.), Proceedings of the COSIT Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Foundations of Geographic Information Science, Morro Bay, CA, Berlin: Springer (LNCS 2205, pp. 14-27).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45424-1_2"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B. C. (1982). Linguistic and computational semantics. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Toronto, ON, Canada (pp. 9-15). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.3115\/981251.981254"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/379486.379512"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-166","unstructured":"Smith, B. C. (2010). Introduction. In B. C. Smith (Ed.), Age of significance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Retrieved March 24, 2011, from http:\/\/www.ageofsignificance.org\/aos\/en\/aos-v1c0.html"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apal.2009.01.008"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-168","unstructured":"Srihari, R. K., & Rapaport, W. J. (1989). Extracting visual information from text: Using captions to label human faces in newspaper photographs. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Ann Arbor, MI (pp. 364-371). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srihari, R. K., & Rapaport, W. J. (1990). Combining linguistic and pictorial information: Using captions to interpret newspaper photographs. In D. Kumar (Ed.), Current Trends in SNePS\u2014Semantic Network Processing System, Berlin: Springer (LNAI 437, pp. 85-96).","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0022085"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-170","author":"G.Strawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mental reality"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2102968"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-172","author":"A. M.Tenenbaum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Data structures using Pascal"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3566.001.0001","author":"P.Thagard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hot thought: Mechanisms and applications of emotional cognition"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03024252"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijsss.2012010102-175","first-page":"230","article-title":"On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.","volume":"42","author":"A. M.Turing","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2941061"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1701_2"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/253769.253801"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-180","author":"J.Weizenbaum","year":"1976","journal-title":"Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470758427"},{"issue":"18","key":"ijsss.2012010102-182","first-page":"40","article-title":"The end of explanation?","volume":"45","author":"B.Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"The New York Review of Books"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-183","author":"T.Winograd","year":"1987","journal-title":"Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00018"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.1996.0022"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1090\/mbk\/079","author":"H.-H.Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Understanding numbers in elementary school mathematics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012010102-187","first-page":"364","article-title":"Computer games: Traditional","author":"A. L.Zobrist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of computer science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=64638","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:37:56Z","timestamp":1742899076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijsss.2012010102"}},"subtitle":["How Cognition Could Be Computing"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijsss.2012010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2155-5028","2155-5036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2155-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-5036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}}}