{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1781104822286,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Biological studies highlighting the collective behavior of ants in fulfilling various tasks by using their complex indirect communication process have constituted the starting point for many physical systems and various ant colony algorithms. Each ant colony is considered as a superorganism which operates as a unified entity made up of simple agents. These agents (ants) interact locally with one another and with their environment, particularly in finding the shortest path from the nest to food sources without any centralized control dictating the behavior of individual agents. It is this coordination mechanism that has inspired researchers to develop plenty of metaheuristic algorithms in order to find good solutions for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. In this article, the authors give a biological description of these fascinating insects and their complex indirect communication process. From this rich source of inspiration for researchers, the authors show how, through the real ant, artificial ant is modeled and applied in combinatorial optimization, data clustering, collective robotics, and image processing.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsss.2012070103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T10:48:18Z","timestamp":1392202098000},"page":"45-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From the Real Ant to the Artificial Ant"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Moussa","family":"Diaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Hammouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Siarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris 12 Val de Marne, Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-0","unstructured":"Abraham, A., Grosan, C., & Ramos, V. (2006). (Eds.). Stigmergic Optimization. Studies in Computational Intelligence, Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-1","unstructured":"Angus, D. (2006). Ant Colony Optimisation: From Biological Inspiration to an Algorithmic Framework, (Technical Report n. TR013). Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Intelligent Systems & Complex Processes, Faculty of Information & Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/TRA.2002.806024","article-title":"Advances in multi-robot systems.","volume":"18","author":"T.Arai","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-3","unstructured":"Asmar, D. C., Elshamli, A., & Areibi, S. (2005 July). A Comparative Assessment of ACO Algorithms within a TSP Environment. Proceedings of the DCDIS 4th International Conference on Engineering Applications and Computational Algorithms (pp. 27-29), Guelph, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-4","first-page":"467","article-title":"A review of particle swarm optimization. Part II: hybridisation, combinatorial, multicriteria and constrained optimization, and indicative applications.","volume":"6","author":"A.Banks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Natural Computing"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2005.10.001","article-title":"Ant colony optimization: Introduction and recent trends.","volume":"2","author":"C.Blum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physics of Life Reviews"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-6","unstructured":"Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S., & Naskrecki, P. (2007). Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M., & Theraulaz, G. (1999). Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012070103-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2008.03.002","article-title":"Finding groups in data: Cluster analysis with ants.","volume":"9","author":"U.Boryczka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-6409.1999.00003.x","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysisoidea, Vespoidea, and Apoidea).","volume":"28","author":"D. J.Brothers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zoologica Scripta"},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012070103-10","first-page":"25","article-title":"A new rank-based version of the ant system: a computational study.","volume":"7","author":"B.Bullnheimer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullnheimer, B., Kotsis, G., & Strauss, C. (1998). Parallelization strategies for the Ant System. In R. De Leone, A. Murli, P. Pardalos, & G. Toraldo (Eds.), High Performance Algorithms and Software in Nonlinear Optimization, 24, 87-100. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3279-4_6"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1163\/156856301760132097","article-title":"Fascination of down scaling \u2013 Alice the sugar cube robot.","volume":"1","author":"G.Caprari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Micromechatronics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-002-8296-9","article-title":"Nest complexity, group size and brood rearing in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.","volume":"49","author":"D. L.Cassill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-14","first-page":"39","article-title":"Ant System for jobshop scheduling. Belgian Journal of Operations Research","volume":"34","author":"A.Colorni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Statistics and Computer Science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600357","article-title":"Ants can colour graphs.","volume":"48","author":"D.Costa","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"ijsss.2012070103-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2007.01.008","article-title":"Adaptive task assignment for multiple mobile robots via swarm intelligence approach.","volume":"55","author":"Z.Dandan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417909","article-title":"The self-organizing exploratory pattern of the Argentine ant.","volume":"3","author":"J.-L.Deneubourg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Behavior"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-18","unstructured":"Deneubourg, J.-L., Goss, S., Franks, N., Sendova-Franks, A., Detrain, C., & et al. (1991). The dynamics of collective sorting: robot-like ant and ant-like robot. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animats (pp. 356-363), Paris, France."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.530","article-title":"AntNet: Distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks.","volume":"9","author":"G.Di Caro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-20","unstructured":"Dorigo, M. (1992). Optimization, Learning and Natural Algorithms. Ph.D.Thesis. Italy: Politecnico di Milano."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., & St\u00fctzle, T. (2006). Ant Colony Optimization -Artificial ants as a computational intelligence technique. IEEE Computational intelligence Magazine, 1(4), 28-29.","DOI":"10.1109\/CI-M.2006.248054"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"ijsss.2012070103-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2005.05.020","article-title":"Ant colony optimization theory: A survey.","volume":"344","author":"M.Dorigo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(97)01708-5","article-title":"Ant colonies for the traveling salesman problem.","volume":"43","author":"M.Dorigo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bio Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.585892","article-title":"Ant Colony System: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem.","volume":"1","author":"M.Dorigo","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-25","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., & Colorni, A. (1991). Ant System: An Autocatalytic Optimizing Process. (Technical Report 91-016). Italy, Milano: Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano."},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012070103-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.484436","article-title":"The Ant System: Optimization by a Colony of Cooperating Agents.","volume":"26","author":"M.Dorigo","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics\u2013Part B"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., & St\u00fctzle, T. (2002). The Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic: Algorithms, Applications and Advances. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Glover, F. & Kochenberger, G. (Eds.). Handbook of Metaheuristics (pp. 250-285). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48056-5_9"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-28","first-page":"52","article-title":"Hybrid Continuous Interacting Ant Colony aimed at enhanced global optimization.","volume":"2","author":"J.Dr\u00e9o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Algorithmic Operations Research"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-29","unstructured":"Ebling, M., Di Loreto, M., Presley, M., Wieland, F., & Jefferson, D. (1989). An Ant Foraging Model Implemented On the Time Warp Operating System. In Unger, B. & Fujimoto, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation (pp. 21-26). San Diego, CA: Society For Computer Simulation."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-30","first-page":"137","article-title":"Some aspects of the ecology and nest microclimatology of the meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus (Sm).","volume":"84","author":"G.Ettershank","year":"1971","journal-title":"Royal Society of Victoria Proceedings"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78761-7_64","article-title":"A Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Function Optimization.","volume":"4974","author":"Z.Evkli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applications of Evolutionary Computing"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.2006.00526.x","article-title":"Antennal olfactory sensitivity in response to task-related odours of three castes of the ant Atta mexicana (hymenoptera: formicidae).","volume":"31","author":"M. L.Fanjul-Moles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiological Entomology"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.05.018","article-title":"A survey of kernel and spectral methods for clustering.","volume":"41","author":"M.Filippone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00097-1","article-title":"Ant sting mortality in Australia.","volume":"40","author":"M. G.Forbes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-35","first-page":"215","article-title":"And now: eusocial thrips!","volume":"64","author":"R.Gadagkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2005.01.003","article-title":"An ant-colony optimization algorithm for minimizing the completion-time variance of jobs in flowshops.","volume":"101","author":"Y.Gajpal","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-37","unstructured":"Gambardella, L. M., Taillard, E. D., & Agazzi, G. (1999). A multiple ant colony system for vehicle routing problems with time windows. In D. Corne & M. Dorigo & F. Glover (Eds.), New Ideas in Optimization (pp.63-76). London: McGraw Hill."},{"issue":"1","key":"ijsss.2012070103-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.03.041","article-title":"A Taxonomy and an Empirical Analysis of Multiple Objective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms for Bi-criteria TSP.","volume":"180","author":"C.Garcia-Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-39","first-page":"72","article-title":"Morphology of the male internal reproductive system in army ants: phylogenetic implications (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).","volume":"83","author":"W. H.Gotwald","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govil, J., Govil, J., & Nandra, A. (2008). An Insight into Swarm Intelligence for adapting to Business and Technology. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 5 Conference (pp. 1-5). India, Delhi: Maharshi Dayanand University.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPSD.2008.4562763"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02223791","article-title":"La reconstruction du nid et les coordinations interindividuelles chez Belicositermes natalensis et Cubitermes sp. La th\u00e9orie de la Stigmergie: Essai d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation du comportement des termites constructeurs.","volume":"6","author":"P. P.Grass\u00e9","year":"1959","journal-title":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"issue":"6","key":"ijsss.2012070103-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2006.882919","article-title":"Autonomous Self-Assembly in Swarm-Bots.","volume":"22","author":"R.Gro\u00df","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guntsch, M., & Middendorf, M. (2002). Applying Population Based ACO to Dynamic Optimization Problems. Springer Verlag. In Dorigo, M. and Di Caro, G. & Sampels, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Ant Algorithms (pp. 111-122), Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45724-0_10"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-44","unstructured":"Handl, J., Knowles, J., & Dorigo, M. (2003). Ant-based clustering: a comparative study of its relative performance with respect to k-means, average link and 1d-som. (Technical Report TR\/IRIDIA\/2003-24. IRIDIA), Belgium: Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1162\/106454606775186400","article-title":"Ant-based clustering and topographic mapping.","volume":"12","author":"J.Handl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handl, J., & Meyer, B. (2002). Improved ant-based clustering and sorting in document retrieval interface. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (pp. 913-923). LNCS 2439, Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45712-7_88"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.068","article-title":"Visual cues for the retrieval of landmark memories by navigating wood ants.","volume":"17","author":"R. A.Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ijsss.2012070103-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01995-9","article-title":"Alternative reproductive strategies: a queen perspective in ants.","volume":"15","author":"J.Heinze","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-49","unstructured":"Hexapode, 2004. Universit\u00e9 Laval, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nie m\u00e9canique, Laboratoire de robotique. Extracted in June 2008 from http:\/www.robot.gmc.ulaval.ca.)."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6lldobler, B., & Wilson, E. O. (1990). The ants. Cambridge, Massachussets: Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10306-7"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-51","first-page":"225","article-title":"Generalized ant colony optimization for economic dispatch of power systems.","volume":"1","author":"Y.-H.Hou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Power System Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ijsss.2012070103-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2174\/092986608784567465","article-title":"Protein Folding in Hydrophobic-Polar Lattice Model: A Flexible Ant-Colony Optimization Approach.","volume":"15","author":"X. M.Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Protein and Peptide Letters"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/1310713","article-title":"The Ancient Cultured Citrus Ant.","volume":"37","author":"H. T.Huang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/60.937211","article-title":"Enhancement of hydroelectric generation scheduling using ant colony system based optimization approaches.","volume":"16","author":"S.-J.Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijsss.2012070103-55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129054105003005","article-title":"Routing in optical multistage interconnection networks with limited crosstalk using Ant Colony Optimization.","volume":"16","author":"A. K.Katangur","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labroche, N., Guinot, C., & Venturini, G. (2004). Fast Unsupervised Clustering with Artificial Ants. Proceedings of the Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (pp. 1143-1152). LNCS 3242, Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30217-9_115"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-57","unstructured":"Lumer, E. D., & Faieta, B. (1994). Diversity and adaptation in populations of clustering ants. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animats (pp. 501-508), Brighton, UK."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malisia, A. R., & Tizhoosh, H. R. (2006). Image thresholding using ant colony optimization. In Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Computer and Robotic Vision (pp.26-26), Qu\u00e9bec City, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2006.42"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00046-7","article-title":"An ANTS heuristic for the frequency assignment problem.","volume":"16","author":"V.Maniezzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"8","key":"ijsss.2012070103-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2006.12.029","article-title":"A new ant colony optimization algorithm for the multidimensional knapsack problem.","volume":"35","author":"J.Min","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1155\/1991\/30265","article-title":"Physical castes in ant workers: a problem for Daceton armigerum and other ants.","volume":"98","author":"M. W.Moffett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monmarch\u00e9, N., Slimane, M., & Venturini, G. (1999a). On improving clustering in numerical databases with artificial ants. Advances in Artificial Life (pp. 626-635). LNCS 1674, Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48304-7_83"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-63","unstructured":"Monmarch\u00e9, N., Slimane, M., & Venturini, G. (1999b). AntClass, D\u00e9couverte de classes dans des donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'hybridation d'une colonie de fourmis et l'algorithme des centres mobiles. Conf\u00e9rence d'Apprentissage (pp.169-176). France, Paleseau: Ecole Polytechnique."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-64","unstructured":"Moyson, F., & Manderick, B. (1988). The collective behaviour of Ants: an Example of Self-Organization in Massive Parallelism. Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Parallel Models of Intelligence. Stanford, California."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method for grey level histograms.","volume":"SMC-9","author":"N.Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ijsss.2012070103-66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/elcvia.63","article-title":"MRF-based image segmentation using Ant Colony System.","volume":"2","author":"S.Ouadfel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, D. T., Ghanbarzadeh, A., Ko\u00e7, E., Otri, S., Rahim, S., et al. (2006). The Bees Algorithm \u2013 A Novel Tool for Complex Optimization Problems. Proceedings of IPROMS 2006, Innovative Production Machines and Systems Virtual Conference (pp.454-461), Cardiff, UK.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045157-2\/50081-X"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-007-0002-0","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization.","volume":"1","author":"R.Poli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl678","article-title":"Peak selection from MALDI-TOF mass spectra using ant colony optimization.","volume":"23","author":"H. W.Ressom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ijsss.2012070103-70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050292","article-title":"Use of stridulation in foraging leaf-cutting ants: Mechanical support during cutting or short-range recruitment signal?","volume":"39","author":"F.Roces","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-71","first-page":"478","article-title":"Fast, Cheap and out of Control: a Robot Invasion of the Solar System.","volume":"42","author":"A.Rodney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the British Interplanetary Society"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saatchi, S., & Hung, C.-C. (2007). Swarm intelligence and image segmentation. In F. T. S. Chan & M. K. Tiwari (Eds.), Swarm Intelligence, Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization (pp. 163-178). Vienna, Austria: I-Tech Education and Publishing.","DOI":"10.5772\/5103"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1631315","article-title":"Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation.","volume":"13","author":"M.Sezgin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Electronic Imaging"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2003.12.032","article-title":"An ant colony approach for clustering.","volume":"509","author":"P.S.Shelokar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2002.802449","article-title":"Ants can solve constraint satisfaction problems.","volume":"6","author":"C.Solnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00043-1","article-title":"MAX-MIN Ant System.","volume":"16","author":"T.St\u00fctzle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-77","first-page":"416","article-title":"Economic dispatch by ant colony search algorithm.","volume":"1","author":"T.Sum-im","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(99)00124-7","article-title":"Parallel ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem.","volume":"17","author":"E. G.Talbi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-79","unstructured":"Tian, J., Yu, W., & Xie, S. (2008). An ant colony optimization algorithm for image edge detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (pp. 751-756), Hong Kong."},{"issue":"3","key":"ijsss.2012070103-80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-006-0080-x","article-title":"Self-Organisation and Communication in Groups of Simulated and Physical Robots.","volume":"95","author":"V.Trianni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuci, E., Ampatzis, C., Vicentini, F., & Dorigo, M. (2006). Evolved homogeneous neuro-controllers for robots with different sensory capabilities: Coordinated motion and cooperation. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animate 9 (pp. 679-690). Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11840541_56"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-82","unstructured":"Villarreal, M. R. (2006). Image: Scheme ant worker anatomy. Retrieved in September 2008 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image:Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, I. A., & Bruckstein, A. M. (1997). Cooperative Cleaners - a Study in Ant Robotics. In A. Paulraj, V. Roychowdhury & C. D. Schaper (Eds), Communications, Computation, Control, and Signal Processing: A Tribute to Thomas Kailath (pp. 289-308). Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6281-8_16"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"ijsss.2012070103-84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016666118983","article-title":"From Ants to A(ge)nts: A Special Issue on Ant-Robotics.","volume":"31","author":"I. A.Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018957401093","article-title":"Efficiently Searching a Graph by a Smell-Oriented Vertex Process.","volume":"24","author":"I. A.Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-86","first-page":"205","article-title":"Ant algorithm for flow assignment in connection-oriented networks.","volume":"15","author":"K.Walkowiak","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics & Computer Science"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-87","unstructured":"Wu, B., & Shi, Z. (2001). A clustering based on swarm intelligence. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conferences on Info-Tech and Info-net (pp.58-66), Bejing, China."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, L., Xuehui, L., & Jihong, Z. (2003, Dec.). Codebook design by a hybridization of ant colony with improved LBG algorithm. Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks and Signal Processing (pp. 469-472). China: Shenzhen University.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNNSP.2003.1279310"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.845141","article-title":"Survey of clustering algorithms.","volume":"16","author":"R.Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-90","unstructured":"Yang, X.-S. (2008). Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms. Luniver Press, UK."},{"key":"ijsss.2012070103-91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2005.12.001","article-title":"Reliability optimization using multiobjective ant colony system approaches.","volume":"92","author":"J.-H.Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=101251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T17:00:23Z","timestamp":1746118823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/ijsss.2012070103"}},"subtitle":["Applications in Combinatorial Optimization, Data Clustering, Collective Robotics and Image Processing"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijsss.2012070103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2155-5028","2155-5036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2155-5028","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-5036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]}}}