{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:12:17Z","timestamp":1781107937486,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) (Deepalakshmi & Radhakrishnan, 2009; Sharma & Kotecha, 2011; Sharma, Karkhanawala, & Kotecha, 2011) is a meta-heuristic, suitable for optimized solutions to routing problem in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). ACO based algorithms are fully distributed, self-organizing, fault tolerant, and intrinsically adapts to changing traffic patterns. However, if the best path is preferred for routing over longer period of time, the exploratory behaviour of the ants may be affected, thus leading to stagnation of the best paths. The authors have reviewed various techniques used for stagnation control and avoidance (Li, Ma, & Cao, 2005). These include, Pheromone control (Schoonderwoerd, Holland, Bruten, & Rothkrantz, 1996; Wedde & Farooq, 2006; De Rango & Socievole, 2011), Pheromone heuristics control (Sim & Sun, 2003), Privileged pheromone laying (Wedde & Farooq, 2006; Stuzle & Hoos, 2000), Multiple ant colony optimization (De Rango & Socievole, 2011; Sim & Sun, 2003), and Multiple path routing (Upadhyaya & Setiya, 2009b) techniques. They also present a comparative analysis of these schemes with respect to the parameter on which they depend for stagnation avoidance. The paper also focuses on stagnation leading to losses of data, which can lay a drastic effect on the quality of multimedia transmission. The authors propose a scheme to improve the exploratory behaviour of ants, by paralleled release of two streams of forward ants in each iteration, along the path from source to destination. It is mentioned that the technique will improve the quality of multimedia routed through MANETs, due to the multipath based enhancements.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jaec.2013010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,22]],"date-time":"2013-03-22T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1363954749000},"page":"39-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parallelized ACO based Routing for Stagnation Mitigation and Avoidance of Multimedia Traffic Over MANETs"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jaec.2013010103-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rango, F., & Socievole, A. (2011). Meta-heuristic techniques and swarm intelligence in mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Security and Its Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Applications, 245-264.","DOI":"10.5772\/13311"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-1","unstructured":"Deepalakshmi, P., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2009, June 4-6). QoS routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using ACO. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Automation, Communication and Energy Conservation (pp. 1-6)."},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.530","article-title":"AntNet: Distributed stigmergetic control for communication networks.","volume":"9","author":"G.Di Caro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-3","unstructured":"Di Caro, G., & Dorigo, M. (1998b). Two ant colony algorithms for best-effort routing in datagram networks. In Proceedings of the Tenth IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems (pp. 541-546)."},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-4","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., & Colorni, A. (1991). Positive feedback as a search strategy (Tech. Rep. No. 91-016). Milano, Italy: Dipartimento Elettronica, Politecnico."},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48056-5_9"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-6","author":"J.Greengrass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Not all packets are equal: Part 1: Packets and protocols"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-7","author":"J.Greengrass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Not all packets are equal: Part 2: Packets and protocols"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-8","year":"1993","journal-title":"ISO\/IEC 11172: Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit\/s"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-9","year":"2000","journal-title":"ISO\/IEC 13818: Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio (MPEG-2)"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2007.903101"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-11","unstructured":"Li, Y., Ma, Z., & Cao, Z. (2005, October 12-14). Mitigating stagnation-based ant colony optimization routing algorithm. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (pp. 36-39)."},{"issue":"2","key":"jaec.2013010103-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239700500203","article-title":"Ant-based load balancing in telecommunications networks.","volume":"5","author":"R.Schoonderwoerd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adaptive Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"jaec.2013010103-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7763\/IJMLC.2011.V1.36","article-title":"Bandwidth constrained routing of multimedia traffic over hybrid MANETs using ant colony optimization.","volume":"1","author":"P.Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"jaec.2013010103-14","article-title":"Optimization in stagnation avoidance of ACO based routing of multimedia traffic over hybrid MANETs.","volume":"2","author":"P.Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2003.817391"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00043-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"jaec.2013010103-17","article-title":"Ant colony optimization- A modified version.","volume":"1","author":"S.Upadhyaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing and Its Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"jaec.2013010103-18","article-title":"Identifying m-shortest optimal paths and incorporating load balancing over these paths with negligible overhead.","volume":"6","author":"S.Upadhyaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology"},{"key":"jaec.2013010103-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2006.02.005"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=75824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T22:38:06Z","timestamp":1654123086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jaec.2013010103"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jaec.2013010103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-3594","1942-3608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-3594","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-3608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}}}