{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:23:26Z","timestamp":1755217406024,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>The 21st century is often called the \u201cage of talent.\u201d Globalization has influenced both organizational processes and employee training, creating an increased need for educated, skilled, and adaptable employees. Training and development has become an integral part of most organizations\u2019 efforts to develop and maintain competitive advantage, with an emphasis on creating learning organizations. These changes in the methods, modes and quantity of training have made it challenging to quantify the amount of training occurring across workplaces. This article takes the view that in order to understand the impact of training on organizations, it is important to conceptualize where and through whom training activities occur. We can think of the training and development profession as consisting of a series of four tiers, with the T&amp;D function occurring less centrally within each tier. Tier I members of the training and development profession occupy jobs in which training and development are paramount to their roles and occupy the vast majority, if not all, of their time. Tier II professionals may be the primary person within the organization responsible for training and development, but the training is often limited to a particular focal area. A whole host of supervisory occupations might be considered Tier III jobs because of the close relation supervisors often have with the employees they supervise. Tier IV training and development professionals may come from any occupational background, and this is where much of informal training occurs.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/javet.2010100903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,16]],"date-time":"2010-04-16T13:55:05Z","timestamp":1271426105000},"page":"31-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rethinking the Measurement of Training and Development in the Professions"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Doug","family":"Lynch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gottfried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"javet.2010100903-0","unstructured":"Allison, M. A., & Allison, E. W. (1986). Managing up, managing down. New York: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026327690007002008"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-2","unstructured":"ASTD. (2004). ASTD 2004 competency study: Mapping the future. Alexandria, VA: ASTD Press."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-3","unstructured":"Barab, S. A., & Duffy, T. M. (2000). From practice fields to communities of practice. In. D. H. Jonassen & S. M. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (pp. 25-55). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-4","unstructured":"Bash, L. (2003). Adult learners in the academy. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-5","unstructured":"Bell, D. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074171302237202"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1123"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13678860601032593"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-9","unstructured":"Drucker, P. (1968). The age of discontinuity. New York: Harper & Row."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1994.96.3.02a00100"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13596740400200164"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/reec.1999.0225"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-13","unstructured":"Jarvis, P. (2001). Universities and corporate universities. London: Kogan Page."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-14","unstructured":"Jarvis, P., Holford, J., & Griffin, C. (1998). Theory and practice of learning. London: Kogan Page."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-15","unstructured":"Keppell, M. (2004). Legitimate participation? Instructional designer\u2014subject matter expert interactions in communities of practice. In Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2004 (Vol. 1, 3611-3618)."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lave, J. (1997). The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding. In D. Kirshner & J. A. Whitson (Eds.), Situated cognition: Social, semiotic, and psychological perspectives (pp. 17-36). London: Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003064121-2"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-18","unstructured":"Machlup, F. (1962). The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422306288435"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-20","unstructured":"Paradise, A. (2007). State of the industry report 2007. Alexandria, VA: ASTD Press."},{"key":"javet.2010100903-21","first-page":"8","article-title":"8th annual comprehensive analysis of employer-sponsored training in the United States.","author":"I.Report","year":"1989","journal-title":"Training (New York, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"12","key":"javet.2010100903-22","first-page":"20","article-title":"$56 billion budgeted for formal training.","volume":"43","author":"I.Report","year":"2006","journal-title":"Training (New York, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"javet.2010100903-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/nha3.10239","article-title":"Adult continuing education and human resource development: Present competitors, potential partners.","volume":"20","author":"D.Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2007.07.004"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-25","first-page":"21","article-title":"The art of managing up.","volume":"L","author":"W.Turk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Defense AT"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-26","unstructured":"Useem, M. (2008). Leading up. Philadelphia: Center for Leadership and Change. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http:\/\/leadership.wharton.upenn.edu\/l_change\/up_lead\/Exec_Excellence.shtml"},{"key":"javet.2010100903-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning as a social system. Systems Thinker, (June 1998).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803932"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=39022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:53:30Z","timestamp":1754398410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/javet.2010100903"}},"subtitle":["A Conceptual Model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/javet.2010100903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-8607","1947-878X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-8607"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1947-878X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}}}