{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:41:39Z","timestamp":1781109699839,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Although Westerners have used over 200 terms to describe self-directed learning (SDL), it is educators in Confucius heritage cultures (CHC) that have successfully promoted and implemented SDL. This article argues that for learners in the Western cultures, especially in the United States to catch up with learners in other industrialized nations including newly emerged China and India, SDL must be promoted and implemented at all levels of education, not only within adult education. Amongst theories\/models, SDL is the single most popular model that helps learners master skills for the sake of competency development. The goal in learning is to achieve the changed status on the part of learners or \u201cperspective transformation.\u201d Without implementing SDL, it may be hard to implement the theory of transformative learning. SDL and transformative learning are intertwined.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/javet.2012070102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T17:16:12Z","timestamp":1360084572000},"page":"16-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Promoting and Implementing Self-Directed Learning (SDL)"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Viktor","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Atlantic University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cranton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"javet.2012070102-0","author":"S. D.Brookfield","year":"1986","journal-title":"Understanding and facilitating adult learning"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-1","author":"P. D.Candy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Self-direction for lifelong learning"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-2","author":"P.Cranton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Planning instruction for adult learners"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-3","unstructured":"Cranton, P. (2006). Understanding and promoting transformative learning: A guide for educators of adults (2nded.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"javet.2012070102-4","author":"H.Gardner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences"},{"issue":"3","key":"javet.2012070102-5","first-page":"136","article-title":"Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model.","volume":"42","author":"D. R.Garrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adult Education Quarterly"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0001848191041003001"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-7","unstructured":"Guglielmino, L. (2012). International society for self-directed learning. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.oltraining.com\/SDLwebsite\/aboutusSDL.php"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00207599108247885","article-title":"Structure and semantic differential placement of specific causes: Academic causal attributions by Chinese Students in Hong Kong.","volume":"26","author":"K. T.Hau","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-9","unstructured":"International Society for Self-Directed Learning. (2012). Announcing the 27th international self-directed learning symposium. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.oltraining.com\/SDLwebsite\/indexSDL.php"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-10","author":"M. S.Knowles","year":"1975","journal-title":"Self-directed learning"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-11","author":"M. S.Knowles","year":"1980","journal-title":"The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-12","unstructured":"Knowles, M. S. (1991). Epilogue. In J. M. Peters, P. Jarvis, & Associates. (Eds.), Adult education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"javet.2012070102-13","author":"S. B.Merriam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-14","unstructured":"Mervis, J. (2010). Shanghai students world champs on science, math, reading test. Retrieved from http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/scienceinsider\/2010\/12\/shanghai-students-world-champs.html"},{"key":"javet.2012070102-15","unstructured":"Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning to think like an adult: Core concepts of transformation theory. In J. Mezirow, & Associates. (Eds.), Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (pp. 3\u201333). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"javet.2012070102-16","author":"C. 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X.Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radical Pedagogy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=68824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T15:50:33Z","timestamp":1654098633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/javet.2012070102"}},"subtitle":["An Effective Adult Education Model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/javet.2012070102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-8607","1947-878X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-8607","type":"print"},{"value":"1947-878X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]}}}