{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:50:03Z","timestamp":1781110203379,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Many higher education institutions have set up virtual classrooms in the 3-D virtual world. In this research, the authors assess the relative effectiveness of a 3-D virtual world learning environment, Second Life, compared to traditional face-to-face learning environment. They also assess the effects of instructional strategies in these two learning environments on interactivity, perceived learning, and satisfaction. The authors\u2019 findings suggest that learning environment interacts with instructional strategy to affect the learners\u2019 perceived learning and satisfaction. Specifically, when interactive instructional strategy is used, there is no significant difference for perceived learning and satisfaction between the 3-D virtual world and face-to-face learning environment. However, when a direct instructional strategy is used, there is a significant difference for perceived learning and satisfaction. They also assessed whether or not technology helps increase learner and instructor interaction. The result suggests that in interactive instructional sessions, students experienced a higher level of classroom interactivity in Second Life than in face-to-face classroom.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jdm.2012070102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T16:37:24Z","timestamp":1359477444000},"page":"30-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Empirical Comparison of 3-D Virtual World and Face-to-Face Classroom for Higher Education"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Services, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng","family":"Siau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business & Information Technology, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona Fui-Hoon","family":"Nah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business & Information Technology, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"jdm.2012070102-0","first-page":"161","article-title":"Computer-mediated communication, elearning, and interactivity: A review of the research.","volume":"3","author":"B.Bannan-Ritland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quarterly Review of Distance Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"jdm.2012070102-1","article-title":"Educational frontiers: Learning in a virtual world.","volume":"43","author":"C. 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