{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:14:14Z","timestamp":1781108054707,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>In legal studies on telemedicine, the requirement of face-to-face consultation emerges as a major concern. Although the legal basis of the \u201cface-to-face consultation\u201d requirement is often assumed to come from Medical Practitioners Law Article 20, it is actually from a notice issued on 24\/12\/1997 in Health Policy Publication No. 1075 by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). In this article, through analysis of how the court made a judgment in regard to \u201cface-to-face consultation\u201d in previous rulings related to the Medical Practitioners Law Article 20, the authors clarify that judgment is based on these \u201cnotices\u201d. In addition, through analysis of what policy on telemedicine the MHLW announces in the government ministries\u2019 response issued on 20\/10\/2009 to the questionnaire from the members of a task force in the IT Strategic Headquarters, it is ascertained that interpretation of the \u201cface-to-face patient care\u201d in telemedicine becomes broader than the \u201cnotices\u201d. This paper accelerates the broader interpretation and establishes a legal system defining telemedicine independently.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jehmc.2012010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T08:48:13Z","timestamp":1326444493000},"page":"22-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Legal Interpretation of Face-to-Face Consultation in Telemedicine"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yasumitsu","family":"Tomioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"jehmc.2012010102-0","first-page":"611","article-title":"In-person contact begets calling and texting: Interpersonal motives for cell phone use, face-to-face interaction, and loneliness.","volume":"6","author":"J.Borae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-1","author":"A. M.Brandenburger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Co-opetition"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cwiek, M. A., Rafiq, A., Qamar, A., Tobey, C., & Merrell, R. C. (2007). Telemedicine licensure in the United States: The need for a cooperative regional approach. Telemedicine and e-Health, 13(2), 141-147.","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2006.0029"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon, R. F., & Stahl, J. E. (2008). Virtual visits in a general medicine practice: A pilot study. Telemedicine and e-Health, 14(6), 525-530.","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2007.0101"},{"issue":"2","key":"jehmc.2012010102-4","first-page":"272","article-title":"Medical error (16).","volume":"36","author":"I.Fujino","year":"1985","journal-title":"HANREI Times"},{"issue":"40-41","key":"jehmc.2012010102-5","first-page":"16","article-title":"Current situation of telemedicine & legal problems.","volume":"4","author":"T.Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyber Security Management"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0139"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-7","unstructured":"Government of Japan. (1997, December 24). Notice No. 1075 issued from Director General. Tokyo, Japan: Health Policy Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare."},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Partial amendment dated on March 31, 2003, to Notice No. 1075 of December 24, 1997 issued from Director General"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-9","unstructured":"Government of Japan. (2010). Practicing medicine through telemedicine technology. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.medbd.ca.gov\/licensee\/telemedicine.html"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-10","unstructured":"Government of Japan. (2010). Report of digital-innovation key-infrastructure checkup task force. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/it2\/index.html\/"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Further partial amendment dated on March 31, 2011, to Notice No. 1075 of December 24, 1997 issued from Director General"},{"key":"jehmc.2012010102-12","unstructured":"Higuchi, N., & Kodama, Y. (2009). Lecture Note of Medical Laws (Summer Quarter). Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo University. 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