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The performance of LBS systems is directly affected by each component forming its architecture. Firstly, the end-user mobile device is still experiencing a lack of enough storage, limitations in CPU capabilities and short battery lifetime. Secondly, the mobile wireless network is still having problems with the size of bandwidth, packet loss, congestions and delay. Additionally, in spite of the fact that GPS is the most accurate navigation system, there are still some issues in micro scale navigation, mainly availability and accuracy. Finally, LBS server which hosts geographical and users information is experiencing difficulties in managing the huge size of data which causes a long query processing time. This paper presents a technical investigation and analysis of the performance of each component of LBS system for pedestrian navigation, through conducting several experimental tests in different locations. The results of this investigation have pinpointed the weaknesses of the system in micro-scale environments. In addition, this paper proposes a group of solutions and recommendations for most of these shortcomings.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jesma.2009070804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T09:09:45Z","timestamp":1272618585000},"page":"51-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Location-Based Services (LBS) in Micro-Scale Navigation"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Suleiman","family":"Almasri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglia Ruskin University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Alnabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Hunaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglia Ruskin University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliamani","family":"Sedoyeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglia Ruskin University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jesma.2009070804-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almasri, S., Hunaiti, Z., Sedoyeka, E., & Balachandrab, W. 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