{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1781110895837,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"abstract":"<p>This paper shows the lack of standard procedures to audit e-voting systems and also describes a practical process of auditing an e-voting experience based on a Direct-recording Electronic system (D.R.E). This system has been tested in a real situation, in the city council of Coahuila, Mexico, in November 2008. During the auditing, several things were kept in mind, in particular those critical in complex contexts, as democratic election processes are. The auditing process is divided into three main complementary stages: analysis of voting protocol, analysis of polling station hardware elements, and analysis of the software involved. Each stage contains several items which have to be analyzed at low level with the aim to detect and resolve possible security problems.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jesma.2011070102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1319026846000},"page":"16-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technical Audit of an Electronic Polling Station"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Hector","family":"Alaiz-Moreton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Panizo-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n A.","family":"Fernandez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Alfonso-Cendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jesma.2011070102-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armen, C., & Morelli, R. (2005). E-voting and computer science: Teaching about the risks of electronic voting technology. In Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, Bologna, Italy (pp. 227-231).","DOI":"10.1145\/1067445.1067508"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-1","article-title":"Electronic voting certification procedures. Who should carry out the technical analysis?","author":"J.Barrat","year":"2008","journal-title":"E-voting: The last electoral revolution"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-2","unstructured":"Bharat Electronics. (2009). Electronic voting machines. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bel-india.com\/index.aspx?q=&sectionid=237"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-3","author":"S.Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Auditing technology for electronic voting machines"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-4","unstructured":"Commission on Electronic Voting. (2010). Independent commission on electronic voting and counting at elections. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cev.ie\/"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-5","unstructured":"Cox, C., & Rubin, A. (2004). Is the U.S. ready for electronic voting? Retrieved from http:\/\/teacher.scholastic.com\/scholasticnews\/indepth\/upfront"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1022594.1022621"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-7","unstructured":"Electoral Advisory Systems for Citizens. (2004). Indra. Retrieved from http:\/\/94.126.241.45\/webelecta\/electa_indra_EN.htm"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-8","unstructured":"Electronic Frontier Finland. (2008). Incompatibility of the Finnish e-voting system with the council of Europe e-voting recommendations. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.effi.org\/"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-9","unstructured":"Falc\u00e3o, J., Cunha, M., Leit\u00e3o, J., Faria, J., Pimenta, M., & Carravilla, A. (2006). A methodology for auditing e-voting processes and systems used at the elections for the Portuguese parliament. In R. Krimmer (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Workshop on Electronic Voting in Europe: Technology, Law, Politics and Society (LNI 86, pp. 145-154)."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-10","unstructured":"Feldman, A., Halderman, J., & Felten, E. (2007). Security analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS voting machine. In Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Accurate Electronic Voting Technology (p. 2)."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-11","unstructured":"Fischer, E., & Coleman, K. (2006). The direct recording electronic voting machine (DRE) (Tech. Rep. No. RL33190). Washington, DC: The Library of Congress."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujioka, A., Okamoto, T., & Ohta, K. (1992). A practical secret voting scheme for large scale elections. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques: Advances in Cryptology (pp. 244-251).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57220-1_66"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-13","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Rub\u00ed, A. (2009). El voto electr\u00f3nico llega a Espa\u00f1a con las elecciones europea. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gutierrez-rubi.es\/2009\/06\/04\/el-voto-electronico-llega-a-espana-con-las-elecciones-europeas\/"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helbach, J., & Schwenk, J. (2007). Secure Internet voting with code sheets. In A. Alkassar & M. Volkamer (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on E-Voting and Identity (LNCS 4896, pp. 166-177).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77493-8_15"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-15","unstructured":"IEPC. (2008). Memoria electoral: Electoral and voter participation institute of the State of Coahuila. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iepcc.org.mx\/"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-16","unstructured":"Indra. (2009). Indra realizar\u00e1 el escrutinio de las Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo del 7-J. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.indra.es\/servlet\/ContentServer?pagename=IndraES\/SalaPrensa_FA\/DetalleEstructuraSalaPrensa&cid=1243482316640&pid=1087577300456&Language=es_ES"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-17","unstructured":"Indrajit, R., Indrakshi, R., & Natarajan, N. (2001). An anonymous electronic voting protocol for voting over the Internet. In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Advanced Issues of E-Commerce and Web-Based Information Systems (p. 188)."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohno, T., Stubblefield, A., Wallacj, D., & Rubin, A. (2004). Analysis of an electronic voting system. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (pp. 27-40).","DOI":"10.1109\/SECPRI.2004.1301313"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-19","unstructured":"Ladendorf, K. (2008). Casting its lot with e-voting. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hartic.com\/news\/77"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-20","author":"L. H.Lamone","year":"2003","journal-title":"State of Maryland Diebold AccuVote-TS voting system and processes"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-21","unstructured":"McGaley, M., & McCarthy, J. (2004). Transparency and e-voting democratic vs. commercial interests. In R. Krimmer & Grimm, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Electronic Voting in Europe: Technology, Law, Politics and Society (LNI 47, pp. 143-152)."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-22","unstructured":"Mercury, R. (2007). Mercury\u2019s statement on electronic voting. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.notablesoftware.com\/RMstatement.html"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-23","unstructured":"Microvote General Corporation. (2008). Election solutions. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.microvote.com\/products.htm"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-24","unstructured":"Morales, V. M. (2009). Seguridad en los procesos de voto electr\u00f3nico remoto: Registro, votaci\u00f3n, consolidaci\u00f3n de resultados y auditoria. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-25","unstructured":"Observatorio Voto Electr\u00f3nico (OVE). (2005). Electronic voting observation unit of the University of Leon. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.votobit.org\/ove\/index.html"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-26","unstructured":"Puiggali, J. (2007). Voto electr\u00f3nico. Paper presented at the 2nd Jornadas de Comercio Electr\u00f3nico y Administraci\u00f3n Electr\u00f3nica, Saragossa, Spain."},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-27","unstructured":"Real Madrid. (2009). El voto electr\u00f3nico en la Asamblea. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.realmadrid.com\/cs\/Satellite\/es\/1193040472656\/1202766421991\/noticia\/Noticia\/El_voto_electronico_en_la_Asamblea.htm"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2007.94"},{"key":"jesma.2011070102-29","unstructured":"Schoenmakers, B. (2000). Fully auditable electronic secret-ballot elections. 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