{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:18:06Z","timestamp":1781108286959,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>We propose that the effectiveness of simulations for science education depends on design features such as the type of representation chosen to depict key concepts. We hypothesize that the addition of iconic representations to simulations can help novice learners interpret the visual simulation interface and improve cognitive learning outcomes as well as learners\u2019 self-efficacy. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments with high school chemistry students. The studies examined the effects of representation type (symbolic versus iconic), prior knowledge, and spatial ability on comprehension, transfer, and self-efficacy under low cognitive load (Study 1, N=80) and high cognitive load conditions (Study 2, N=91). Results supported our hypotheses that design features such as the addition of iconic representations can help scaffold students\u2019 comprehension of science simulations, and that this effect was strongest for learners with low prior knowledge. Adding icons also improved learners\u2019 general self-efficacy.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jgcms.2009010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,3]],"date-time":"2011-02-03T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1296734535000},"page":"16-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Design Factors for Effective Science Simulations"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jan L.","family":"Plass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"Homer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUNY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trace","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slava","family":"Kalyuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minchi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","container-title":["International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=2159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T13:14:02Z","timestamp":1654089242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jgcms.2009010102"}},"subtitle":["Representation of Information"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jgcms.2009010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-3888","1942-3896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-3888","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-3896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]}}}