{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:51:42Z","timestamp":1781110302890,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>As serious games gain momentum in the academic arena, no doubt more educators and instructional technologists will begin considering the possibility of making their own games for instruction. As developers of instructional resources, instructional technologists need to steer clear of producing more \u2018video\u2019 games, and instead, developing more \u2018serious\u2019 games that incorporate both learning and assessment. The research community needs to learn from tested processes and best practices to avoid repeating old mistakes. The model for serious game making presented in this article has been used successfully for the creation of an award winning project, and will now be shared for the benefits of fellow researchers, educators, and instructional technologists.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jgcms.2009091501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T10:20:23Z","timestamp":1272622823000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Researching and Developing Serious Games as Interactive Learning Instructions"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Christian Sebastian","family":"Loh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-0","unstructured":"Albrecht, R. (1997, May 28). General considerations for clinical studies... from protocol to results. Retrieved Aug 20, 2008, from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cder\/present\/genconra\/sld009.htm"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-1","unstructured":"Amarelo, M. (2008, May 22). Fixing the education digital disconnect one video game at a time\u2013FAS launches immune attack. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from http:\/\/www.fas.org\/press\/news\/2008\/may_ialaunch.html"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-2","unstructured":"Antti, K., Tuula, N., & Marja, K. (2007, September 24-28). Team structure in the development of game-based learning Environments. Paper presented at DiGRA 2007, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http:\/\/www.digra.org\/dl\/db\/07344.35576.pdf"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504859"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-4","unstructured":"BBC. (2004, August 11). Video games \u201cgood for children\u201d. BBC News. Retrieved April 30, 2008, from http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/go\/pr\/fr\/-\/1\/hi\/scotland\/3553352.stm"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-5","unstructured":"Becker, K., & Parker, J. R. (2005, Oct 13-15). All I ever needed to know about programming, I learned from re-writing classic arcade games. Paper presented at the Future Play: The International Conference on the Future of Game Design and Technology, East Lansing, MI."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-6","unstructured":"Berg, J., Bradshaw, B., Carbone, J., Chojnacky, C., Conroy, S., Cleaves, D., et al. (1999). Decision protocol 2.0. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-7","unstructured":"Berger, A. (2006, January 31). Neverwinter nights in the classroom. University of Minnesota News. Retrieved April 30, 2008, from http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/umnnews\/Feature_Stories\/22Neverwinter_Nights22_in_the_classroom.html"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botturi, L., & Loh, C. S. (2009). Once upon a game: Rediscovering the roots of games in education. In C. Miller (Ed.), Games: Their purpose and potential in education (pp. 1-22). New York: Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09775-6_1"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-9","unstructured":"Bounds, J. (2007, April 6). Game on! Dallas Business Journal. Retrieved February 2, 2009, from http:\/\/dallas.bizjournals.com\/dallas\/stories\/2007\/04\/09\/focus1.html"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-10","unstructured":"Castillo, T., & Novak, J. (2008). Game level design. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-11","unstructured":"Chen, S., & Michael, D. (2005). Proof of learning: Assessment in serious games. Gamasutra. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gamasutra.com\/features\/20051019\/chen_01.shtml"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-12","first-page":"56","article-title":"Point of view: Learning from serious games?","volume":"47","author":"R. E.Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despain, W. (Ed.). (2008). Professional techniques for video game writing. Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10640"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-14","unstructured":"Federation of American Scientists. (2006). Summit on Educational Games 2006: Harnessing the power of video games for learning. Washington, DC: Author."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdig, R. E. (Ed.). (2008). Handbook of research on effective electronic gaming in education. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-808-6"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1145\/950566.950595"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-17","unstructured":"Gilbert, B. (2009, March 5). American library association goes gaming. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http:\/\/www.joystiq.com\/2009\/03\/05\/american-library-association-goes-gaming"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-18","unstructured":"Haertel, G. D., & Means, B. (Eds.). (2003). Evaluating education technology: Effective research designs for improving learning. New York: Teachers College Press."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2005.12.004"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02773968"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-21","unstructured":"Hewitt, D. (2008, June 23). Use of video game technology in the workplace increasing. Retrieved Oct 20, 2008, from http:\/\/www.theesa.com\/newsroom\/release_detail.asp?releaseID=24"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-22","unstructured":"Hopson, J. (2006). We\u2019re not listening: An open letter to academic game researchers. Gamasutra. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gamasutra.com\/features\/20061110\/hopson_01.shtml"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4102_1"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-24","unstructured":"Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Macgill, A. R., Evans, C., & Vitak, J. (2008). Teens, video games and civics: Teens\u2019 gaming experiences are diverse and include significant social interaction and civic engagement. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project."},{"issue":"2","key":"jgcms.2009091501-25","first-page":"60","article-title":"Old concerns with new distance education research.","volume":"24","author":"B.Locke","year":"2001","journal-title":"EDUCAUSE Quarterly"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02299632"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-27","unstructured":"Loh, C. S. (2006). Tracking an avatar: Designing data collection into online games. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT 2006), Dallas, TX."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, C. S. (2008). Designing online games assessment as \u201cInformation Trails.\u201d In V. Sugumaran (Ed.), Intelligent information technologies: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 553-574). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-941-0.ch032"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-29","unstructured":"Loh, C. S., Anantachai, A., Byun, J., & Lenox, J. (2007, November 21-23). Assessing what players learned in serious games: In situ data collection, information trails, and quantitative analysis. Paper presented at the Computer Games: AI, Animation, Mobile, Educational & Serious Games (CGAMES 2007), Louisville, KY."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, C. S., & Byun, J. H. (2009). Modding neverwinter nights into serious games. In D. Gibson & Y. K. Baek (Eds.), Digital simulations for improving education: Learning through artificial teaching environments (pp. 408-426). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-322-7.ch022"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-31","unstructured":"Mandinach, E. B., & Honey, M. (2008). Data-driven school improvement: Linking data and learning. New York: Teachers College Press."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-32","unstructured":"Michael, D., & Chen, S. (2006). Serious games: Games that educate, train, and inform. Boston: Thomson Course technology PTR."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-33","unstructured":"Miller, C. T. (Ed.). (2008). Games: Purpose and potential in education (1st ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-34","first-page":"39","article-title":"Re-reconsidering research on learning from media: Comments on Richard E. Clark\u2019s point of view column on serious games.","volume":"48","author":"J. R.Parker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-35","unstructured":"Peppler, K. A., & Kafai, Y. B. (2007, September 24-28). What videogame making can teach us about literacy and learning: Alternative pathways into participatory culture. Paper presented at DiGRA 2007, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http:\/\/www.digra.org\/dl\/db\/07311.33576.pdf"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-36","unstructured":"Prensky, M. (2005). Engage me or enrage me: What today\u2019s learners demand. Retrieved July 25, 2005, from http:\/\/www.marcprensky.com\/writing\/Prensky-Engage_Me_or_Enrage_Me.pdf"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-37","unstructured":"Prensky, M. (2007). Digital game-based learning. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House Publishers."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1039539.1039571"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-39","unstructured":"Sawyer, B. (2005). The state of serious games. Gamasutra. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gamasutra.com\/features\/20051024\/sawyer_01.shtml"},{"issue":"1","key":"jgcms.2009091501-40","article-title":"Video games in education.","volume":"2","author":"K.Squire","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Games & Simulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"jgcms.2009091501-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4018\/jgcms.2009010104","article-title":"Computational literacy in online games: The social life of mods.","volume":"1","author":"C.Steinkuehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-42","unstructured":"Szafron, D., Carbonaro, M., Cutumisu, M., Gillis, S., McNaughton, M., Onuczko, C., et al. (2005). Writing interactive stories in the classroom. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning, 7(1)."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-43","unstructured":"Thompson, A. D., Simonson, M. R., & Hargrave, C. P. (1992). Educational technology: A review of the research. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology."},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Eck, R. (2007). Building intelligent learning games. In D. Gibson, C. Aldrich, & M. Prensky (Eds.), Games and simulation in online learning: Research and development frameworks. Hershey, PA: Idea Group, Inc.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-304-3.ch014"},{"key":"jgcms.2009091501-45","unstructured":"Wyeld, T. G., Leavy, B., Carroll, J., Gibbons, C., Ledwich, B., & Hills, J. (2007, September 24-28). The ethics of indigenous storytelling: Using the torque game engine to support Australian Aboriginal cultural heritage. Paper presented at DiGRA 2007, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from http:\/\/www.digra.org\/dl\/db\/07312.11188.pdf"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=37536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T15:16:10Z","timestamp":1654096570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jgcms.2009091501"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jgcms.2009091501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-3888","1942-3896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-3888","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-3896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]}}}