{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:52:49Z","timestamp":1769550769588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Can populations self organize a crisis response? This is a field report on the first two efforts in a continuing series of exercises termed \u201cExercise 24 or x24.\u201d The first Exercise 24 focused on Southern California, while the second (24 Europe) focused on the Balkan area of Eastern Europe. These exercises attempted to demonstrate that self-organizing groups can form and respond to a crisis using low-cost social media and other emerging web technologies. Over 10,000 people participated in X24 while X24 Europe had over 49,000 participants. X24 involved people from 79 nations while X24 Europe officially included participants from at least 92 countries. Exercise 24 was organized by a team of workers centered at the SDSU Viz Center including significant support from the US Navy as well as other military and Federal organizations. Dr. George Bressler, Adjunct Faculty member at the Viz Center led both efforts. Major efforts from senior professionals EUCOM and NORTHCOM contributed significantly to the preparation for and success of both X24 and especially X24 Europe. This paper presents lessons learned and other experiences gained through the coordination and performance of Exercise 24.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jiscrm.2011100103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T12:54:13Z","timestamp":1321448053000},"page":"36-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exercise 24"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Austin W.","family":"Howe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-1886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Murray E.","family":"Jennex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University, USA"}]},{"given":"George H.","family":"Bressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University, USA"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University, USA"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-0","unstructured":"Dhanjani, N. (2008, December 18). How terrorists may abuse micro-blogging channels like Twitter. Nitesh Dhanjani Blog. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http:\/\/www.dhanjani.com\/blog\/2008 \/12\/how-terrorists-may-abuse-microblogging-channels-like-twitter.html"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-1","unstructured":"Gleicher, N. J., & Hwang, J. S. (2010). Geospatial information services: Balancing privacy and innovation. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium Series (pp. 75-81)."},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003759255"},{"issue":"4","key":"jiscrm.2011100103-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4018\/jiscrm.2010100102","article-title":"Implementing social media in crisis response using knowledge management.","volume":"2","author":"M. E.Jennex","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03442-8_15"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palen, L., Anderson, K. M., Mark, G., Martin, J., Sicker, D., Palmer, M., & Grunwald, D. (2010, April 13-16). A vision for technology-mediated support for public participation & assistance in mass emergencies & disasters. In Proceedings of the ACM-BCS Conference on Visions of Computer Science, Edinburgh, UK (pp. 1-12). Retrieved September 11, 2010, from http:\/\/www.cs.colorado.edu\/~palen\/computingvisionspaper.pdf","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/VOCS2010.8"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jiscrm.2010120405"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-7","unstructured":"Rayport, J., & Heyward, A. (2009). Envisioning the cloud: The next computing paradigm. Marketspace. Retrieved September 20, 2010, from http:\/\/www. marketspaceadvisory.com\/cloud\/ Envisioning-the-Cloud.pdf"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starbird, K., Palen, L., Hughes, A. L., & Vieweg, S. (2010, February 6-10). Chatter on The Red: What hazards threat reveals about the social life of microblogged information. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Savannah, GA (pp. 241-250).","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718965"},{"key":"jiscrm.2011100103-9","unstructured":"Wax, E. (2008, December 3). Gunmen used technology as a tactical tool. Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article \/2008\/12\/02\/AR2008120203519.html"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=60614","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T05:02:32Z","timestamp":1654146152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jiscrm.2011100103"}},"subtitle":["Using Social Media for Crisis Response"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jiscrm.2011100103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1937-9390","1937-9420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1937-9390","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-9420","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}