{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:49:03Z","timestamp":1781102943737,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<p>It is well over 30 years since the first (then called) cockpit resource management (CRM) training, now called crew resource management was introduced. It is a shibboleth, a sacred cow as it were, despite many issues, concerns, and changes over the years. Some 20 years ago, 1992, an Air Transport Association (ATA)\/Federal Aviation Association (FAA)-sponsored Workshop was convened in an attempt to deal with some specific CRM issues. Yet the issues and needs as articulated in Workshop, and some newer ones, remain. Thus, this Chapter is 20 years overdue, leading to the questions: why now and is it still relevant? Why now? As said, some needs, issues, concerns remain. The relevancy is that we present both a critique of civil aviation CRM on many levels and a look\/comparison with current USAF, USCG, and USN CRM. The authors include a proposed skeleton\/template for a long-overdue revision of civil aviation CRM.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jitr.2012040104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]],"date-time":"2012-11-12T15:50:40Z","timestamp":1352735440000},"page":"46-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Critique and Proposed Revision of Crew Resource Management (CRM)"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ronald John","family":"Lofaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FAA (ret.), USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2485-2609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Airlines (ret.) & USNR (ret.), USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jitr.2012040104-0","article-title":"American Airlines converts CRM in favor of human factors and safety training","author":"C. D.Ewell","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Flightdeck. DFW Airport"},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-1","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (1990, October). SFAR 58: Advanced qualification program (AQP). Washington, DC: Author."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-2","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (1991, July 29). AC 120-40B: Airplane simulator qualification. Washington, DC: Author."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-3","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (2004, January 22). AC 120-51E: Crew resource management. Washington, DC: Author."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-4","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (2004, September 27). AC 120-35C: Line operational simulations: Line oriented flight training, special purpose operational training, line operational evaluation. Washington, DC: Author."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-5","unstructured":"Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 14, Aeronautics and Space; SFAR 58: Advanced Qualification Program (2003, May 29)."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-6","unstructured":"Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 14, Aeronautics and Space; Part 121; Operating Requirement: Domestic Flight and Supplemental Operations; note Sub-Part Y (2005, June)."},{"issue":"38","key":"jitr.2012040104-7","first-page":"87","article-title":"Regaining control.","volume":"173","author":"J.Flauttau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aviation Week & Space Technology"},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-8","first-page":"133","article-title":"Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilots' CRM skills","author":"R.Flin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contemporary issues in human factors and aviation safety"},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-9","unstructured":"Government Accountability Office (GAO). (1997). Human factors: FAA guidance and oversight of pilot crew resource management training can be improved (Tech. Rep. No. GAO\/RCED-98-7). 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In Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-20","unstructured":"Lofaro, R. J., & Smith, K. M. (2000). Operational decision-making: integrating new concepts into the paradigm. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology."},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420072846.ch14","article-title":"Flight simulators and training","author":"R. J.Lofaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human factors in training and simulation"},{"key":"jitr.2012040104-22","unstructured":"Lofaro, R. J., & Smith, K. M. (2011a). Similar accidents: Lessons learned and countermeasures. 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