{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T05:23:40Z","timestamp":1740029020697,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"IGI Global","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Human intelligence requires decades of full-time training before it can be reliably utilized in modern economies. In contrast, AI agents must be made reliable but interesting in relatively short order. Realistic emotion representations are one way to ensure that even relatively simple specifications of agent behavior will be expressed with engaging variation, and those social and temporal contexts can be tracked and responded to appropriately. We describe a representation system for maintaining an interacting set of durative states to replicate emotional control. Our model, the Dynamic Emotion Representation (DER), integrates emotional responses and keeps track of emotion intensities changing over time. The developer can specify an interacting network of emotional states with appropriate onsets, sustains, and decays. The levels of these states can be used as input for action selection, including emotional expression. We present both a general representational framework and a specific instance of a DER network constructed for a virtual character. The character\u2019s DER uses three types of emotional state as classified by duration timescales, keeping with current emotional theory. We demonstrate the system with a virtual actor. We also demonstrate how even a simplified version of this representation can improve goal arbitration in autonomous agents.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jse.2010101603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,16]],"date-time":"2010-04-16T18:14:21Z","timestamp":1271441661000},"page":"30-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Simplifying the Design of Human-Like Behaviour"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Joanna J.","family":"Bryson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, UK"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Tanguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, UK"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"key":"jse.2010101603-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, E., Klesen, M., Gebhard, P., Allen, S., & Rist, T. (1999, October). Integrating models of personality and emotions into lifelike character. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Affect in Interaction \u2014 Towards a new Generation of Interfaces, Siena, Italy (pp. 136-149). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/10720296_11"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badler, N., Allbeck, J., Zhao, L., & Byun, M. (2002, June). Representing and parameterizing agent behaviors. In Proceedings of Computer Animation, Geneva, Switzerland (pp. 133-143). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/CA.2002.1017521"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)94494-P"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-3","unstructured":"Blumberg, B. M. (1996). Old tricks, new dogs: Ethology and interactive creatures. Unpublished PhD thesis, MIT Media Laboratory, Learning and Common Sense Section."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2008.02.001"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand, M. (2001, December). Morphable 3D models from video. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201901), Kauai, HI (Vol. 2, pp. II456-II463). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990997"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00018-1"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breazeal, C., & Scassellati, B. (1999, October). How to build robots that make friends and influence people. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS-99), Kyongju, Korea (pp. 858-863). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.1999.812787"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307084686"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281300409829"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryson, J. J. (2003). Where should complexity go? Cooperation in complex agents with minimal communication. In W. Truszkowski, C. Rouff, & M. Hinchey (Eds.), Innovative concepts for agent-based systems (pp. 298-313). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45173-0_23"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-11","unstructured":"Bryson, J. J. (2008, March). The impact of durative state on action selection. In I. Horswill, E. Hudlicka, C. Lisetti, & J. Velasquez (Eds.), Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Emotion, Personality, and Social Behavior, Palo Alto, CA (pp. 2-9). AAAI Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-12","unstructured":"Bryson, J. J., & Stein, L. A. (2001, August). Modularity and design in reactive intelligence. In Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA (pp. 1115-1120). Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01424337"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-14","unstructured":"Bui, T. D. (2004). Creating emotions and facial expressions for embodied agents. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Twente."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-15","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1amero, D. (2003). Designing emotions for activity selection in autonomous agents. In R. Trappl, P. Petta, & S. Payr (Eds.), Emotions in humans and artifacts (pp. 115-148). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-16","unstructured":"Carlson, N. R. (2000). Physiology of behavior (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-17","first-page":"8","article-title":"From greta\u2019s mind to her face: Modelling the dynamics of affective states in a conversational agent.","volume":"59","author":"F.De Rosis","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-18","unstructured":"Delgado-Mata, C., & Aylett, R. S. (2004, July). Emotion and action selection: Regulating the collective behaviour of agents in virtual environments. In AAMAS \u2018 04: Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, New York (Vol. 3, pp. 1304-1305). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society."},{"issue":"4","key":"jse.2010101603-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00032325","article-title":"Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans.","volume":"16","author":"R. I. M.Dunbar","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.3"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-21","unstructured":"Ellis, P. M., & Bryson, J. J. (2005, September). The significance of textures for affective interfaces. In T. Panayiotopoulos, J. Gratch, R. Aylett, D. Ballin, P. Olivier, & T. Rist (Eds.), Intelligent Virtual Agents: Proceedings of the Fifth International Working Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Kos, Greece (LNCS 3661, pp. 394-404)."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-22","unstructured":"Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-23","unstructured":"Gadanho, S. C. (1999). Reinforcement learning in autonomous robots: An empirical investigation of the role of emotions. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-24","unstructured":"Gratch, J., & Marsella, S. (2004, August). Evaluating the modeling and use of emotion in virtual humans. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, New York (Vol. 1, pp. 320-327). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01003-6"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-26","unstructured":"Hiller, M. J. (1995). The role of chemical mechanisms in neural computation and learning. (Tech. Rep. AITR-1455). Cambridge, MA: MIT AI Laboratory."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.1.68"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izard, C. E. (1997). Emotions and facial expression: A perspective from differential emotions theory. In J. A. Russel & J. M. Fern\u00e1ndez-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 57-77). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511659911.005"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-006-0212-2"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069945.001.0001"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-31","unstructured":"LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-32","unstructured":"Lehmann, H., & Bryson, J. J. (2007, September). Modelling primate social order: Ultimate causation of social evolution. In F. Amblard (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the European Social Simuation Society (ESSA \u201807), Toulouse, France (p. 765). IRIT Publications."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/122344.122367"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcella, S., & Gratch, J. (2002, July). A step toward irrationality: Using emotion to change belief. In Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Bologna, Italy (pp. 334\u2013341). ACM Publishing.","DOI":"10.1145\/544741.544821"},{"issue":"2","key":"jse.2010101603-35","first-page":"113","article-title":"The St. Thomas common sense symposium: Designing architectures for human-level intelligence.","volume":"25","author":"M.Minsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgado, L., & Gaspar, G. (2005, July). Emotion based adaptive reasoning for resource bounded agents. In Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems (AAMAS \u201805), Utrecht, The Netherlands (pp. 921-928). ACM Publishing.","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082613"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.421.0038","article-title":"Affect and machine design: Lessons for the development of autonomous machines.","volume":"42","author":"D. A.Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In R. Davidson, G. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self regulation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 1-18). New York: Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0629-1_1"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-39","unstructured":"Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1990). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-40","unstructured":"Paiva, A., Dias, J., Sobral, D., Aylett, R., Sobreperez, P., Woods, S., et al. (2004, July). Caring for agents and agents that care: Building empathic relations with synthetic agents. In AAMAS \u201804: Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, New York (pp. 194-201). Washington, DC. IEEE Computer Society."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picard, R. W. (1997). Affective computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/e526112012-054"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-558701-3.50007-7"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, T. J., Bryson, J. J., & Seth, A. K. (2007). Modelling natural action selection: An introduction to the theme issue. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B\u2014 Biology, 362(1485), 1521-1529.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2050"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-44","unstructured":"Reilly, W. S. N. (1996). Believable social and emotional agents. Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-45","unstructured":"Rohlfshagen, P., & Bryson, J. J. (2008, November). Improved animal-like maintenance of homeostatic goals via flexible latching. In A. V. Samsonovich (Ed.), Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, Arlington, VA (pp. 153-160). AAAI Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russel, J. A., & Fern\u00e1ndez-Dols, J. M. (1997). The psychology of facial expression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511659911"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-47","unstructured":"Schaal, S., Ijspeert, A., & Billard, A. (2004). Computational approaches to motor learning by imitation. In C. D. Frith (Ed.), The Neuroscience of Social Interaction: Decoding, Imitating, and Influencing the Actions of Others, (pp. 199-218). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"12","key":"jse.2010101603-48","first-page":"46","article-title":"Global access, embodiment, and the conscious subject.","volume":"12","author":"M. P.Shanahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-49","unstructured":"Sloman, A. (2003). How many separately evolved emotional beasties live within us? In R. Trappl, P. Petta, & S. Payr (Eds.), Emotions in humans and artifacts (pp. 35-114). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-50","unstructured":"Sloman, A., & Croucher, M. (1981, August). Why robots will have emotions. In Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI \u201881), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (pp. 1537-1542). William Kaufmann."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C. A., & Scott, H. S. (1997). A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions. In J. A. Russel & J. M. Fern\u00e1ndez-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 295-320). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511659911.012"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-52","unstructured":"Tanguy, E. A. R. (2006). Emotions: The art of communication applied to virtual actors (Bath CS Tech. Rep. CSBU-2006-06). Bath, UK: University of Bath."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanguy, E. A. R., Willis, P. J., & Bryson, J. J. (2003). A layered dynamic emotion representation for the creation of complex facial animation. In T. Rist, R. Aylett, D. Ballin, & J. Rickel (Eds.), Intelligent virtual agents (pp. 101-105). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39396-2_17"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843606000758"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-55","unstructured":"Tanguy, E. A. R., Willis, P. J., & Bryson, J. J. (2007, January). Emotions as durative dynamic state for action selection. In Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hyderabad, India (pp. 1537-1542). Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"jse.2010101603-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1102-1103"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239400200401"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez, J. D., & Maes, P. (1997, February). Cathexis: A computational model of emotions. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents \u201897), Marina Del Ray, CA (pp. 518-519). ACM Publishing.","DOI":"10.1145\/267658.267808"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.105"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712306076253"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2006.886948"},{"key":"jse.2010101603-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712306072337"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Synthetic Emotions"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=39003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T01:34:22Z","timestamp":1740015262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jse.2010101603"}},"subtitle":["Emotions as Durative Dynamic State for Action Selection"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jse.2010101603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-9093","1947-9107"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-9093"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1947-9107"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}}}