{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:22:42Z","timestamp":1781104962274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"IGI Global Scientific Publishing","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<p>The aim of this two-wave study was to test whether job characteristics (job demand, job control), with \u2018motivators\u2019 (e.g., recognition, achievement, possibility for growth) as the mediating variable, can predict perceived stress (e.g., stressed, tense). These relationships were tested simultaneously using structural equation modeling analyses. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 320 information technology (IT) consultants in Sweden. Data were collected at two time points, over a six-month follow-up period. Cross-sectional studies have been presented earlier but one of the contributions of this study is that it is a two-wave data set. The present two-wave study uses a model which covers more information than a cross-sectional design and the results add another aspect to existing work motivation and stress research, by using a longitudinal data set, and relating job characteristics to perceived stress directly and indirect. These findings emphasize the importance of job demand and illuminate the role of motivators in the experience of job stress among IT consultants. The presented model can be used to examine potential causes of job stress among IT consultants and may generate important lessons for managing the general workforce of tomorrow.<\/p>","DOI":"10.4018\/jthi.2012100105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T20:06:26Z","timestamp":1347566786000},"page":"75-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Two-Wave Study of the Impact of Job Characteristics and Motivators on Perceived Stress among Information Technology (IT) Consultants"],"prefix":"10.4018","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lars G\u00f6ran","family":"Wallgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Johansson","family":"Hanse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden & Nordic School of Public Health NHV, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"jthi.2012100105-0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00333-1","article-title":"Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours. A cross-sectional study.","volume":"53","author":"T.\u00c5kerstedt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508406061674"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-2","author":"J. L.Arbuckle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Amos 4.0 user\u2019s guide"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8791(02)00030-1"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20004"},{"issue":"3","key":"jthi.2012100105-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00124.x","article-title":"Classifying response behaviors in Web-based surveys.","volume":"6","author":"M.Bosnjak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519709540067"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-8","first-page":"136","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","author":"M. W.Browne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Testing structural equation models"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-9","author":"B.Caplen Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"ARIT \u2013 Arbetsmilj\u00f6et indenfor IT-branchen"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-11","author":"T.Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Research on work-related stress"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.08.005"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-14","unstructured":"Docherty, P., & Huzzard, T. (2003). Marknads-, management- och medarbetartrender 1985-2005. In C. von Otter (Ed.), Ute och inne i svenskt arbetsliv, Arbetsliv i omvandling 2003:8 (pp. 135-157). Stockholm, Sweden: Arbetslivsinstitutet (National Institute for Working Life, NIWL) (in Swedish)."},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.9.1.61"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2002.006734"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6486.00139"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-19","first-page":"302","article-title":"Motivation in the workplace","author":"J. J.Foster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Introduction to work and organizational psychology: A European perspective"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-20","author":"J. R.Hackman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Work redesign"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.002"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678371003683747"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-23","unstructured":"Hernberg, S. (1992). Introduction to occupational epidemiology. Chelsea, NY: Lewis."},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-24","author":"F.Herzberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"The motivation to work"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-25","first-page":"76","article-title":"Evaluating model fit","author":"L. T.Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Structural equation modeling. Concepts, issues, and applications"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-26","author":"N.Imparato","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jumping the curve: Innovation and strategic choice in an age of transition"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-27","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychosocial factors at work: Recognition and control (Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 56)"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-28","year":"1992","journal-title":"Preventing stress at work (Conditions of Work Digest, 11) (Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 56)"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.10.1336"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-30","unstructured":"Kalimo, R., & Mejman, T. (1987). Psychological and behavioural responses to stress at work. In R. Kalimo, M. A. El-Batawi, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Psychosocial factors at work and their relation to health (pp. 23-36). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO)."},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-31","first-page":"315","article-title":"Cross-sectional estimation of dynamic structural equation models in disequilibrium","author":"D.Kaplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Structural equation modeling: Present and future"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20166"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-34","author":"R.Karasek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Healthy work. Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02894422"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjellberg, A., Johansson Hanse, J., Franzon, H., & Holmgren, C. (2000, July 29-August 4). Mood ratings at work and job strain and their relation to neck and shoulder symptoms. In Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, San Diego, CA (Vol. 5, pp. 63-66).","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004402917"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-37","author":"A.Kjellberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Subjektiv stress och dess samband med psykosociala f\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden och besv\u00e4r: En pr\u00f6vning av stress-energi-modellen (Arbete och H\u00e4lsa 2002:12. Arbetslivsinstitutet)"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-38","author":"R. B.Kline","year":"1998","journal-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modelling"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-39","first-page":"349","article-title":"Dealing with workplace stress","author":"M.Kompier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of stress medicine and health"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2009.01.002"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0101_1"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410010304"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-43","first-page":"148","article-title":"Job stress and health","author":"P.Le Blanc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Introduction to work and organizational psychology: A European perspective"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-44","first-page":"54","article-title":"The characteristics of the workplace and the nature of its social demands","author":"L.Levi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Occupational stress. Health and performance at work"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-45","author":"P. E.Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Industrial\/organizational psychology. Understanding the workplace"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_1"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-47","author":"T. D.Little","year":"1995","journal-title":"The revised control, agency, and means-ends interview (CAMI): A multi-cultural validity assessment using mean and covariance (MACS) analyses (Materialen aus der Bildungsforschung, 49)"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-48","first-page":"3","article-title":"Work motivation: The high performance cycle","author":"E. A.Locke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Work motivation"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.9.705"},{"issue":"1","key":"jthi.2012100105-50","first-page":"61","article-title":"Work motivation, job stress and employees\u2019 well-being.","volume":"8","author":"L.Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Management Studies"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.239"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-52","author":"D.Maister","year":"1997","journal-title":"Managing the professional service firm"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-53","first-page":"238","article-title":"A biopsychosocial approach to work-stress and musculoskeletal disorders.","volume":"11","author":"B.Melin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-54","author":"J.Michie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Employee ownership, motivation and productivity"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-55","author":"G.Moorhead","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organizational behavior. Managing people and organizations"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.678"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02215.x"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-58","first-page":"233","article-title":"Designing motivating work","author":"S. K.Parker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Work motivation: Past, present and future"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370210162737"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02065.x"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(96)00036-4"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-62","author":"R. E.Schumacker","year":"1996","journal-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modelling"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678603901104"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-64","first-page":"4","article-title":"Work-related disorders. Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"2010","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arbetsmilj\u00f6statistik Rapport"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1932"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026783799296084"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1464-0597.00020"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30040627"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2006.10.005"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/1875934301003010025","article-title":"The impact of job characteristics and motivators on perceived stress among information technology (IT) consultants.","volume":"3","author":"L. G.Wallgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Ergonomics Open Journal"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jthi.2011070103"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370600655553"},{"key":"jthi.2012100105-73","author":"D. J.Weiss","year":"1967","journal-title":"Manual for the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"ng","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=70763","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T12:55:41Z","timestamp":1654088141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/jthi.2012100105"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jthi.2012100105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-3908","1548-3916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-3908","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-3916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}