{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:34:40Z","timestamp":1761518080352,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/PolicyAndEthics\/PublishingPolicies"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/license\/TDM_Licenser.pdf"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["KEM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Friction stir welding assisted by electrical joule effect is a development of conventional friction stir welding with the ability to eliminate or minimize the root defects by lack of penetration. The lack of penetration, mainly relevant in the welding of aluminium alloys, still constitute one major constrain to a wider dissemination of friction stir welding into industrial applications. The concept is based on assisting friction stir welding by an external electrical heat source integrated in the FSW tool. The innovative tool feature enables to increase the temperature in the weld root by Joule effect and improve material viscoplasticity in this region. A new tool was designed, manufactured and implemented. The resulting welds produced were analyzed via metallography and Electrical conductivity measurements that have proven to be a valuable technique to identify the different zones of solid-state welded joints with a good correlation with the microstructure and hardness. The potential of this variant was shown reducing the thickness of weld root defect, even for significant levels of lack of penetration, although affecting the grain size of the HAZ in the vicinity of the root surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/kem.611-612.763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T10:51:38Z","timestamp":1400842298000},"page":"763-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Friction Stir Welding Assisted by Electrical Joule Effect to Overcome Lack of Penetration in Aluminium Alloys"],"prefix":"10.4028","volume":"611-612","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo Gomes","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA University Lisbon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA University Lisbon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2457","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"883064","unstructured":"Thomas W M, Nicholas E D, Needham J C, Murch M G, Temple-Smith P, and Dawes C J, Improvements relating to friction stir welding,. US Patent No. 5, 460, 317 (1991)."},{"key":"883065","unstructured":"Backlund J, Norlin A, Andersson A: Friction stir welding - weld properties and manufacturing techniques,. 7th Inalco Conference, Cambridge (1998)."},{"key":"883066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas W.M., Martin J., Wiesner C.S., Discovery invention and innovation of friction technologies for the aluminium industries. INALCO 2010 (2010).","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-586-0-13"},{"key":"883067","unstructured":"Lammlein D, Trepal N, Posada MA. Defect Significance and Detection in Aluminum Friction Stir Welds: A Literature Search. Technical Report NSWCCD-61-TR-2011\/20. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda (2011)."},{"key":"883068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui L, Yang X, Zhou G, Xu X, Shen Z. Characteristics of defects and tensile behaviors on friction stir welded AA6061-T4 T-joints. Mater Sci Eng A (2012) 543: 58\u2013 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.02.045"},{"key":"883069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W. M. Thomas, C. S. Wiesner, D. J. Marks, and D. G. Staines, Conventional and bobbin friction stir welding of 12% chromium alloy steel using composite refractory tool materials, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 14 3 (2009).","DOI":"10.1179\/136217109x415893"},{"key":"883070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu HJ, Zhang HJ, Yu L. Effect of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy. J Mater Des 2011; 32: 1548\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.09.032"},{"key":"883071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merklein MG, Giera A. Laser assisted Friction Stir Welding of drawable steel-aluminum tailored hybrids. Int J Mater Form 2008 1: (2009) 1299-1302.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-008-0141-x"},{"key":"883072","unstructured":"Midling O. Modified friction stir welding. International Patent Application WO 99\/39861. Norsk Hydro (1999)."},{"key":"883073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Long X, Khanna S. Modelling of electrically enhanced friction stir welding process using finite element method, Sci Technol Welding Joining (2005).","DOI":"10.1179\/174329305x46664"},{"key":"883074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferrando WA. The Concept of Electrically Assisted Friction Stir Welding (EAFSW) and Application to the Processing of Various Metals. Technical Report (NSWCCD-61 -TR-2008\/13). Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (2008).","DOI":"10.21236\/ada487182"},{"key":"883075","unstructured":"Park K. Development and analysis of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding process. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan (2009)."},{"key":"883076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moreira P, Santos TG, Tavares S., Richter-Trummer V, Vila\u00e7a P, Castro PT, Mechanical and metallurgical characterization of friction stir welding joints of AA6061-T6 with AA6082-T6, Materials and Design 30, 2009, 180-187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2008.04.042"},{"key":"883077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krasnowski K, Dymek S, A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Tool Design to Fatigue Behavior of Single-Sided and Double-Sided Welded Butt Joints of EN AW 6082-T6 Alloy, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22 (2013) 3818-3824.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-013-0711-z"},{"key":"883078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Giorgi M, Scialpi A, Panella FW, de Filippis LAC Effect of shoulder geometry on residual stress and fatigue properties of AA6082 FSW joints, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 23, 2009, 26-35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-008-1006-4"}],"container-title":["Key Engineering Materials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.611-612.763.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T20:00:27Z","timestamp":1755892827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.611-612.763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/kem.611-612.763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-9795"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-9795"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]}}}